Media and Presidential Election

Annotated Bibliography: Media and Presidential Election

Borah, P. (2016). Political Facebook use: Campaign strategies used in the 2008 and 2012 presidential elections. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 13(4), 326-338.

One of the most notable trends in the online domain currently entails an increase in the utilization of social media sites (Borah, 2016). Social networking sites are part and parcel of people’s daily communication and tend to account for a considerable amount of time that is spent online globally. Even with the extensive research that has been conducted regarding the impact of political utilization in social media sites on the audience, only a few studies have taken the initiative of examining the content present on candidate pages. In fully comprehending the effect of political directions presented online, there is an essence of analyzing the messages themselves. This source utilizes theoretical ideas from the functional model, emotional pleas as well as social endorsement in conducting content scrutiny of the certified Facebook posts. These are from United States presidential nominees in 2008 as well as 2012 campaigns. As per the results, Mitt Romney and John McCain were more attacked, but Barack Obama was highly praised. The Republican contenders utilized a high percentage of fear petitions while in the case of Barack Obama, humor and eagerness are applied.

Conway, B. A., Kenski, K., & Wang, D. (2015). The rise of Twitter in the political campaign: Searching for intermedia agenda-setting effects in the presidential primary. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 20(4), 363-380.

One of the most critical subjects in the research of political campaigns revolves around the influence of social media on the political communication landscape. Scholars have been trying to comprehend the impacts of social media on the numerous categories of agenda-setting. As such, there have been queries regarding the degree to which social media content could evade, follow, or entice the concentration of traditional media. This resource examines such type of underlying forces by researching on intermedia agenda. This entails estimating impacts on the 2012 Twitter feeds on primary presidential contenders, Twitter posts regarding Republican as well as Democratic parties and journals that have been printed in the state's leading newspaper. Time series exploration was utilized in the analysis of daily issue occurrences on material media. An interdependent association was identified amongst agendas in Twitter feeds and traditional broadcast with variable degrees of strength and discrepancy time intervals by issue (Conway et al., 2015). Traditional media tends to follow candidates on precise subjects, but when it comes to other media, there is the capacity to forecast the political agenda through Twitter.

Hong, S., & Nadler, D. (2012). Which candidates do the public discuss online in an election campaign?: The use of social media by 2012 presidential candidates and its impact on candidate salience. Government Information Quarterly, 29(4), 455-461.

The impact that novel communication technologies tend to have on election campaigns, as well as the efficiency of the media-focused campaign methods mostly continue to be debatable subjects in political science. The source reveals some of the first empirical proof regarding the probable effect of social media on the United States presidential elections in 2012. The study is done by measuring the link between candidate salience and the degree of candidate involvement in online social media scope. Candidate salience has been described as the magnitude by which candidates tend to be discussed in the online platform during an election campaign and the number of times presidential candidates have been mentioned on Twitter (Hong & Nadler, 2012). This is done as an approach to computing their salience. The method permits people to scrutinize if social media has the aptitude of transforming the outdated dynamics of United States election campaigns, not forgetting that media is broadly described as disruptive in the broader economic as well as social domains. The resource makes it known that social media has the facility to enlarge the probable modes and techniques of election campaign significantly. There exist high degrees of social media activity when it comes to presidential candidates, and this has presently led to reduced impacts on the level of public attention they are given online.  

Kelley, S. (1962). Elections and the mass media. Law and Contemporary Problems, 27(2), 307-326.

This source exposes the role that mass media tends to play in the electoral procedure. It tries to stipulate the character as well as scopes of these functions and outline its consequences and possibilities. Considering that the activities that take place in social media are numerous, the source begins the task by stating and categorizing the type of actions that go through media during elections. Primarily, the media tend to convey election propaganda to a high number of users. When it comes to news broadcasts as well as news column, people report directly or paraphrase the words of candidates.

The campaigners consequently have the time and space to conduct advertisements. As such, it is made possible for politicians to get to large numbers of people fast and cheaply than it could have through other means. Secondly, the media has a way of transmitting propaganda selectively. Thirdly, the media conveys propaganda in specific conventional formats. The fourth one is that the media tends to give election propaganda in the framework of materials from which they originated. 

Larreguy, H., & Marshall, J. (2019). The incentives and effects of independent and government-controlled media in the developing world. The Oxford Handbook of Electoral Persuasion. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190860806.013.13

The increase of broadcast followed by digital media has shown crucial political inferences in the developing world (Larreguy & Marshall, 2019). By first noting the independent media openings, there is evidence confirming that social media's reporting content, exposure of data regarding the candidates as well as the aptitude of providing a political platform has considerably molded electoral results and mobilization. Contrary to the developed democracies, the media is, in most cases utilized in buttressing and opposing automatic governments. Following government regulation on the media, this source has reviewed the following: proof of media discrimination, as well as the elements and efficiency when it comes to minimized opposition. Following the media's liberation potential, an aspect that has been emphasized relates to how broadcasted, as well as internet-dependent technologies are presenting new opportunities for enabling opposition and change. There is a highlight of methodological innovations, the difficulties of segregating theoretical tools as well as avenues for prospective investigations.

Liu, Y. I. (2019). Online and Offline Communication and Political Knowledge and Participation in Presidential Campaigns: Effects of Geographical Context. International Journal of Communication, 13, 24.

Political campaigns tend to utilize segmentation as well as targeting approaches in reaching out to voters. This results in a differential supply of campaign resources in the entire nation. This source reveals the resulting modifications in how information obtainability impacts a person's political guidance and conduct in relation to geographical vicinity. Three separate studies which were conducted in the 2004 United States election have been used as sources of data for the research.

According to the results from a variety of multilevel modelling investigation, the use of newspaper had a more significant influence on political data as well as contribution in neighbourhoods whereby these appeared to be less prevalent. The effect of the offline political debate did not go through the same design. The results associated with the Internet were varied. The resource validates the essence of geographical settings when it comes to comprehending communication impacts.

McLaughlin, B., & Macafee, T. (2019). Becoming a Presidential Candidate: Social Media Following and Politician Identification. Mass Communication and Society, 1-20.

The use of Twitter by Donald Trump in the 2016 presidential election demonstrated how social media networks have fundamentally changed political campaigns in America. Media has permitted politicians to avoid the news platform and convey campaign information direct to the voting public. Political candidates highly utilize social media in telling their stories, sharing their thoughts and emotions as well as recording an unfolding election (McLaughlin & Macafee, 2019). It has been argued that the idea of identification can assist in illuminating how campaigns upsurge the support of citizens. The source used a two-wave study with a United States nationwide sample done before the 2016 presidential election. According to the results of the analysis, being followers of Donald Trump as well as Hillary Clinton results in an amplified identification with the contender, thus affecting candidate support. 

Stier, S., Bleier, A., Lietz, H., & Strohmaier, M. (2018). Election campaigning on social media: Politicians, audiences, and the mediation of political communication on Facebook and Twitter. Political Communication, 35(1), 50-74.

Substantial studies have been conducted on online campaigning, but the issue of how politicians utilize diverse social media platform when it comes to political communication remains unclear. By concentrating on the German state election campaign in 2013, this source examines if candidates address subjects that are most crucial to the mass. The resource will help in revealing the extent to which the features of Facebook and Twitter has shaped the communication of candidates. Depending on the open-minded reactions from a descriptive study that was conducted in the course of election campaigns, a human-interpretable Bayesian language structure has been trained for purposes of identifying political themes (Stier et al., 2018).

After using the model to social media messages of candidates as well as their direct audiences, it is found that both tend to prioritize diverse subjects in comparison to the mass audience. According to the analysis, politicians utilize Twitter and Facebook for various purposes. The numerous findings have been linked to the mediation of political statements on social networks prompted by specific features of audiences as well as socio-technical settings.   

References

Borah, P. (2016). Political Facebook use: Campaign strategies used in the 2008 and 2012 presidential elections. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 13(4), 326-338.

Conway, B. A., Kenski, K., & Wang, D. (2015). The rise of Twitter in the political campaign: Searching for intermedia agenda-setting effects in the presidential primary. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 20(4), 363-380.

Hong, S., & Nadler, D. (2012). Which candidates do the public discuss online in an election campaign?: The use of social media by 2012 presidential candidates and its impact on candidate salience. Government Information Quarterly, 29(4), 455-461.

Kelley, S. (1962). Elections and the mass media. Law and Contemporary Problems, 27(2), 307-326.

Larreguy, H., & Marshall, J. (2019). The incentives and effects of independent and government-controlled media in the developing world. The Oxford Handbook of Electoral Persuasion. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190860806.013.13

Liu, Y. I. (2019). Online and Offline Communication and Political Knowledge and Participation in Presidential Campaigns: Effects of Geographical Context. International Journal of Communication, 13, 24.

McLaughlin, B., & Macafee, T. (2019). Becoming a Presidential Candidate: Social Media Following and Politician Identification. Mass Communication and Society, 1-20.

Stier, S., Bleier, A., Lietz, H., & Strohmaier, M. (2018). Election campaigning on social media: Politicians, audiences, and the mediation of political communication on Facebook and Twitter. Political Communication, 35(1), 50-74.