Thursday, December 20, 2018

Personal Biography



Personal Biography
At our wedding, when I looked at his eyes, I thought that the world would never end, but I guess I was about to wake from my love slumber. Everything about us was excellent and in a million years from the short period we had been together prior our marriage, you would never have thought that one day we will go apart. Max was handsome looking with everything a girl wants from a man and I think to him, I was the world and the most beautiful girl she has ever seen, at least that is what he said.
Being family friends, we had known each other for a while. My father quite knew about his family and would sometimes travel to the U.S. and bring pictures of his visit. That was how I came to know about my prince charming who never was. Prior to all this, I could not forsee marrying a U.S. citizen since I am a Muslim and our religion rarely encourages intermarriage, and so the thought of having a relationship never crossed my mind, but fate had otherwise. This is my personal biography about my marriage that went sour.
After, I reached the age going to university, it pleased my dad that I should go and study abroad and his country of choice was the U.S. I was excited considering that in our country as a lady there are many restrictions on the female gender. In Saudi Arabia, there is a systematic menchauvism since women were not allowed to drive or even attend game events where men and women were participants and many more restrictions (Perper, 2018).
So, I thought I was getting away and all privileges that I had been denied I would enjoy, but I guess there is nothing truly painful like a heartache and it can never be compared to my childhood challenges or pains. After getting to the U.S., I was picked by the family of my ex-husband with whom I would stay with during short school breaks when I could not to go home. During my stay, the family was good and Max was so kind and accommodating. We behaved like sister and brother, and he got my back considering that my ethnicity and religion would make me susceptible to harassment.
During my time at the university, I made a few friends and when I had issues, I usually talked with Max. To me, Max was not just a family friend only, but also someone who I could share my problems with. It was during that time, I began to bond with him. My roommate thought that Max was my boyfriend and when he called, while I was not around, she would say that your boyfriend  called.
At first, I tried to convince my roommate that Max was just a family friend, but she did not buy the idea, she had seen the future. She usually did come with a lot of arguments to support her point and she actually won most of them. This is because I never had a boyfriend and when I was invited to parties, I never hanged out with male friends. This trend continued and we started to have night call chats that would last for about 30 minutes to an hour where we would tell each other how we longed to be together.
Sometimes, Max would compliment me and tell me dirty jokes and I would not get mad about it. It was during this time, I began to fall for Max. I knew he was falling for me too due to the frequency of calls and questions like, do you have a boyfriend or have you even been with a boy. After my graduation, I was about to go back home with my parents, but since I had not finished some issues, I requested my family to leave me for a month, and then, I would follow suit.
In that time, it became apparent that I would not be seeing Max, and I was getting used to the freedoms of westernization and I could not imagine getting back into my country and being married to a man chauvinist. Max too hanged around my room too much than he had before, and even frequently proposed that we go to movies or camping. He seemed interested in spending more time in isolation and giving me treats and I tagged along.
All this time, I was wondering what was really going on since Max never told me that he loved me, neither did I, but I used to get jealous seeing him being cozy with any other girl. It happened that one day that I and Max went hiking and I slipped into his arms such that I lied on by back on his arms and he was above me. This was the first time that Max held me. He looked at me suggestively and hesitated from lifting me up and I was not in a hurry either to get up, I felt at peace and I could feel how strong his arms were.
He lifted me up and tapped on my back casually. That is really offensive in Saudi Arabia, but when Max did it, I did not not react negatively. The more we did spend time together, the more Max got touchy with me and I never said anything to stop him. Sometime we would watch movies and there were instances when couples and even boyfriends and girlfriends had sex. Max was comfortable with such sceneries, but I was uncomfortable with them and he would openly ask me if I am shy.
In some cases, I would excuse myself and fantasize about that with Max. On one auspicious night, we were left alone with Max. His parent had gone for a family dinner and Max offered to be left behind since the parents felt that it was inappropriate for me to be left alone. It was in the last week I had before leaving for Saudi Arabia, and it happened that we were talking about me leaving and never seeing each other. We were on the balcony, the sky was clear with stars being shiny and the moon appeared brighter.
Our conversation was a bit emotional and Max approached and said that “have I ever told you that you are beautiful?” I got tensed and excited while he approached and held me from my waist looked deeply at me and kissed me. I felt offended and ran into my bedroom and max followed. He held me close to his chest as he patted on my back saying that he was sorry and it frightened him that I was leaving. I was afraid that I was going to leave him and probably I would not get a chance to see him again.
At that time, I stretched my arms around his waist as I got calm, and he played a soothing music in the background. The lights of my bedroom were off and every time Max spoke was like he knew what I felt and what I wanted to be told. I was no longer afraid of him and I could feel every part of him against me and his body’s warmth and so could he also feel mine. It was not that long, we started kissing and then it ‘happened’. Max was shocked that I was a virgin all those years, though I had told him that I have never had any relationship with any person, it is like he thought that I was joking with him.
After that happened, I became tensed and Max noted and inquired why I was anxious. I told him that in Saudi Arabia, it would be shameful if people found out that I am not a virgin and it will be challenging to be married. Jokingly he said that “I can marry you.” I felt relieved and embraced him as if he was already my husband, but perhaps today I know that must be the most difficult time of Max since he might have been caught unaware and maybe he was not ready for marriage or be committed to me.
We sat down that night and planned how we would tell our parents about our decision to marry since I could not just tell my parents that I would not go back on account that Max was my boyfriend. We began breaking the news to Max’s parents who told my parent about the issue. Our parents did not know how to react because they were family friends and thus, remained supportive. Our parents came to the U.S. and made the necessary preparations.


The Turning Point
We did a simple wedding, and we officially became husband and wife. The thought of being married to an American was interesting and I was happy that I was in a relationship where I was considered an equal, at least that is what I thought. I was not privy to the fact that the sweetness and kindness that Max had shown me would start to fade away and Max would be a stranger and one that got away.
Yes, our relationship became murky and cold, but I was hopeful. After we rented our own apartment, the first months were filled with the joy of newly weds. However, after a year and six months I got pregnant. I was so thrilled and happy and prepared how I will share the good news with Max. After breaking out the news, Max appeared to be sad and did not share an ounce of my happiness. That night he appeared distracted and as if he was carrying a heavy burden.
I was troubled about what might be bothering him that much and I approached him to inquire more about the issue. Then, the relationship was not that bad off and I was obliged to listen to my husband. Max told me how we were not prepared to have a baby and it would not be appropriate to raise a child in the environment we were in. Deep inside, I became sad, but I could not show it.
I could not imagine that I was going to lose my child, but I was torn between the love I had for Max and fear of losing him, and the idea that Max was proposing. After strong persuasion from him, I reluctantly agreed with his decision. I did not anticipate that this moment of my life would be our turning point. On the day we were supposed to go to the clinic, Max prepared the breakfast and called for a cab, he was just extremely nice.
Despite that, I was having second thoughts and I did not want to go to the clinic, but Max would come up with nice and heart melting words that seemed to ward off my doubts and ideas. I feigned to be excited like Max and showed that the issue was not a big deal, but inside I was bleeding. We went into the clinic and Max talked to the attendant explaining the situation and what needed to be done.
While all this was happening, I stayed on the waiting lounge hoping that Max would change his heart and I was tempted to run, but that thought was hindered by the fact that I was not yet a full citizen. The nurse called me and I knew that it was time. I dragged my feet to the place where everything was supposed to be done. The physician noticed that I was not comfortable and asked if I was having second thoughts. Being afraid, I showed approval for the procedure. After it was over, I remember lying on that cold bed with tears dripping out of my eyes and wondering if Max was the right one.
A lot of thoughts were running in my mind at that time and what pulled me from the deep thoughts was Max’s tap on my shoulder. He said something, but I could not get it, I was just aloof and in pain. When we got back home, Max and I drifted apart, I was in mourning and Max started to spend more time away from me than he previously did. I thought maybe he was giving me time to physically and emotionally heal from the loss of my child.
In spite of that, I could notice that Max was being negative and less concerned about me. Sometimes, he would receive calls and be excessively cheerful than he was with me and that killed me because I could feel that I was losing him. He began to hang out with some friends and would come late at night and leave early in the morning. I could prepare dinner waiting to partake it with him, but he would still come late even after confirming that he would be home early.
Since we had a norm of eating together, it became challenging for me to eat alone and I started to skip some meals. That coupled with hormonal changes made me to gain weight, and Max never complained about the issue until I tried to have a talk and seek what was really happening to us. In our argument, I sought to know why he comes late and his loss of interest in spending time with me. In an outburst, he said, “who would love to spend his time with a fat wife like you.”
Those words pierced my soul, they were so painful such that I started to cry. I could not imagine that Max would say that to me. When he saw that I was crying, he looked at me in surprise and said, “are you a baby…?” I was hurting, my prince charming was saying all the harsh things I never expected him to say. I imagined that I was the way I was because of him and he did not have the decency to be considerate.
I sobbed and wiped my tears and retreated to the bedroom. What followed was a period of verbal and emotional mistreatment. He started noticing so many negatives about me such as the way I dress, cook, walk, look, how I do my things, and even complained about bedroom matters. He became sexually active with me and yet I could feel like it was one way experience. I truly wanted to share that moment with him, but he was rough and not gentle as he used to be.
Sometimes, he would get in me when I was not ready and it was painful and I could not complain because I loved him and for the fear if I did, he would leave me. This continued for a while and I attempted to talk with him about the issue. He would apologize and change, but that would not last. Things got worse when he started to take alcohol and continued to hang out with his friends who seemed to dislike me since they never invited me along.
He would come home drunk and overact about small issues. All this time, I was hopeful that he would change and I was afraid to share the issue with my or Max’s parents. I continued to suffer until I amassed some strength and told Max that this will not continue and that he has to change. After that talk, since I mainly complained about how he hurts me by not adequately preparing me before he gets into me, he began to avoid me.
A month passed without me and Max having any serious confrontation and I was a bit happy, but I was worried because Max did not behave in any way romantically towards me or showed any signs of interest in me. I attempted to dress in a sexy way trying to invite him, but he cared less. This did hurt me emotionally and I would even get naked in front of a mirror and look at myself wondering what was wrong with my body.
My friends would tell me that I had a beautiful shape, but to Max, I was invisible. In some occasions, he would get calls from Shiney, our mutual friend and that never bothered me because she also frequently called me and came by to soothe me when I conveyed to her what Max had done. Nonetheless, I began to get suspicious when Shiney started to excessively be comfortable around Max and I would find Shiney with Max alone in our house.
I confronted Max about the issue and he said that “Shiney is just a close friend.” I believed him, however, one day while he was taking a shower, Shiney called. I attempted to get the phone Max, but she hanged up. What followed was a message, since it was Shiney our mutual friend I opened it. “Hey sweetheart, you promised me that you will marry me, we have already bought a house and made all the necessary preparations for the baby.”
At first, I thought this is definitely a wrong message, how could Shiney be texting my Max about a baby and house, how, that was not possible. No sooner I had finished reading the message than Max got out of the shower. He saw that I was in shock and asked why I was like that. I just showed the message to him and it was the way he reacted that gave him up. He was in shock and started to apologize. I felt betrayed knowing that Max has been the only man to ever be in my life.
Max put on his clothes and went away. On the next day, he came back with divorce papers, which he had signed and told me to sign. I tried all I could to convince him that I was ready to change. I did not know what my mistakes were, but if Max told me that I had some issues that needed to be changed I would have willingly obliged. However, Max was fixated on getting the divorce. I remember wondering why I had to go through all this. I reflected on all the verbal abuse, not going back to Saudi Arabia, giving him my all, and the abortion.
I was even willing to let Shiney become a co-wife, but very unwilling to let Max go. I wondered why Max would not tell Shiney to abort if that is what made him want to marry her, he had told me to do that. I imagined about all the things that I sacrificed to be with Max, and now he was booting me. I took me a week before I signed the divorce papers, this was after my mum encouraged me to leave Max after telling her what I had gone through.
Healing and Starting a New Chapter
After the divorce I went into depression and I could not imagine that I was already a divorcee after 2 years of marriage. I called my mother again and talked about what had happened and she advised to me be positive that I was still young and not to worry that much. I did not see the need of visiting a counselor, at least that is what I thought. After the divorce, I was left with the house and really alone since most of the friends that I had were more aligned to Max and Shiney.
            Nonetheless, Kevin was concerned about what had happened and came to visit me. Kevin had been Max’s best friend since high school and came to be one of the few friends I had since he often visited Max. He soothed me left a number of a psychiatrist if I needed to talk to anyone about what had really happened. Later, I decided to call the professional who gave me direction of where he was stationed.
            When we began the treatment, I was not sure that I would get anything and I was a bit conservative about sharing anything with the professional. However, he established a good rapport and my confidence towards him grew. Now that I have got used to him, I am really responding to the treatment positively. I have realized that I do not have to be reliant on anyone to be happy and that I am the author of my life.
The counselling has helped me to be vigilant and know my worth. I am confident about my body and I know that I was not to blame for the problem that I encountered in my marriage. In fact, Max did not deserve such a good girl like me and he is the one who lost. Also, I know that I can remarry and have a family and be happy than I have ever been if I get the right person. At least, I won’t be in a hurry to get married this time. 
Furthermore, I am making true friends and I have become an outgoing person than I was before. If I don’t like anything, I am ready to voice my opinion and not ready to continue to suffer in silence. I have applied for a new job, which I was called for an interview and I will be happy to secure it. I plan to continue with my studies since I have nothing that is tying me down and I would love to continue sharing my experience with women out there and hope that they will get out of abusive relationship early to avoid what I went through.
In conclusion, I believe that love is important in marriage, but as a woman you should not let any man use you on account of loving him too much. You should be bold enough and make appropriate decisions that will ensure that you are happy. Again, do rush into marriage or be influence by family members or culture like it was in my case. As you can see, getting intimate with Max got me into marriage since in Saudi being not a virgin would have been shameful if I happened to be in an arranged marriage. Also, I am sure that Max never intended to marry me. Therefore, make sure that before you have those goose bumps, both of you are prepared for the marriage. Apart from emotional and some physical abuse, Max never raised his arm on me or battered me, we were just not right for each other. However, that does not mean emotional and verbal abuse is not bad. In fact, it hurts more than you can ever imagine. Above all, that marriage has taught me a lot and I am not just any girl, but a strong one who is ready to achieve her dreams no matter what and pursue a life of happiness and completeness.

 
References
Perper, R. (2018, June 27). Saudi Arabian women can now drive ? Here are the biggest changes they've seen in just over a year. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com/womens-rights-in-saudi-arabia-driving-ban-2018-3?IR=T

The effects of the southern civil war


Phoenix is the capital city of the Arizona state. The city is located along Salt River that is in the southern –central part of the state. The city significantly contributes to the economy of the state since it serves as a financial, communication and transport center. The city lies on an 1165 square kilometers area and borders Mexico to the North. Additionally, the city plays a prominent role in the history of the country since it is the area in which the Southern civil war took place. The area was initially occupied by the Native Americans who were later replaced by the building of the canals. The Americans were displaced since they were found to interfere with the construction of the trenches. Therefore, there was a civil war as the Spanish and American explorers fought with the Native Americans. The Spanish and the Americans fought the Native Americans to displace them from their settlement along the Salt River. This paper aims at exploring the effects of the civil war and determine how the war contributed to the Civil Rights Movement.
The Economic History of Phoenix
In the prehistory age, the city was occupied by the Native Americans who were nomads. Therefore, their economic practice was nomadic pastoralism through which they acquired food and a source of living. Eventually, the tribes left the land and left the imaginative fertile land without particular occupants. In the year 19th century, as the Spanish and the American explored the world, they passed through the region. In the year 1857, a businessman named Jack Swilling who was a militant during the American Civil War identified the potential of the land. Swilling built canals along the ruins that were left by the Native Americans who were also known as the Hohokam[1]. The canals were used in the irrigation system to grow crops since the land was fertile and was along a river. Hence water for irrigation was available. In the 1870s, it was proved that the town had grown and thus there was a need for it to be upgraded. In 1881, the town was adopted as a city. The South Pacific Railroad passed through the city in the 1880s. In the 1890s, the mule-drawn trams were also introduced into the city. By the end of the century, the city had evolved into a major trading center in the state.
In the early 20th century, there was an intense political activity that was of importance to the growing of the city. In 1902, the then president signed the National Reclamation Act. The act allowed Roosevelt Dam construction that dismissed some of the sections of the Salt River. Additionally, the dam led to the migration of the river wildlife. In spite of the adverse effects, the dam provided the city with hydroelectric power and frequent water supply for the residents and the irrigation systems. The city became the capital of Arizona state in 1912.  During the Second World War, the city was used as a center of distribution that offered employment to the residents and the economic immigrants. In the 1960s, tourists began flocking in the city since they were drawn by the historical sites.
 The exotic features of the city also attracted the tourists and hence tourism became a significant contributor to the economy of the city and the state as a whole. The Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum is among the many sites the tourists would visit to watch the rock concerts and the basketball games.  However, in the 1970s, the number of tourists began to drop due to the emergence of street gangs who threatened the tourists.  In the 21st century, the city has grown with a large number of bars, restaurants, and shops that are located in the city. Therefore, the city contributes to the state’s economic growth from the taxes and revenues collected from the business premises. Equally, the city is well known since it is a transport center in the state of Arizona. In the year 1990, the Sky Harbor International Airport opened its fourth terminal hence enhancing the transport system in the state. The airport has won several awards for being the best in communication excellence and passenger facilities.
The Social History of the State
In the prehistory, people lived together in groups, and they kept moving from one place to another since they were nomads. In the 1920s the city was becoming an agricultural center due to the irrigation system developed by the Spanish and the Americans who settled in the land. For agricultural reasons, more people started flocking into the city. Therefore, the population increased twice. By 1920, the city had 30,000 people, and by 1930, there were over 48,000 people[2]. The population growth caused the farmers to sell their land to the developers who built houses in the city. Due to the population pressure, the land in the city was split more to give the developers a place to construct homes for the people who migrated to the city. The developers needed the people to have a sense of belonging to the country though they were in the rural area in Phoenix.
Before the 19th century, the people of Arizona upheld the rich cultural diversity. However, since the beginning of the 19thcentury, the cultural behaviors were disregarded due to the increase in urbanization as many individuals moved to the Southern part of the state where Phoenix was located. The urban segments made the individuals reflect more on the tastes, fashion, speech, religious differences, lifestyle and political attitudes that had come from diverse places. At the beginning of the 19th century, almost all the central and northern part of Arizona was unoccupied. Many individuals preferred to live in the southern part of the state where Phoenix was located since it was urbanized.
Initially, there were less than 1,000 people from Hispania who lived in the state. However, in the 20th century, the number of Hispanic people rampantly increased. Since the year 1990, the Mexicans started flocking in the city and occupied most of the Phoenix city. As a result, today most of the Phoenix residents are from the Mexican generation. The Mexicans and the Hispanics have a history of cordial living unlike other ethnic communities in the bordering states. Most of the Mexican Americans in Arizona live in several neighborhoods and are significantly involved in the state's business political and social life. The Mexican Americans intermarry with the Hispanics, and hence there is a peaceful relationship between the two communities. In the present day, the Native Americans are grouped into 15 tribes that reside in an 85- acre reserve. The Mexican Americans on the other hand, are about 100,000 in Arizona and they are involved in the development of the land and its people.  Lastly, the tribal government assumes all the responsibilities in many areas of the state and economic life.
The Political History of the State
In the prehistoric age, the people of Arizona were not governed by any rule or any structure of the government. Between the year 1528-1536, Arizona was discovered by the Spanish who were exploring the world[3]. They developed an interest in the state and captured it and exercised rule and power over it. Therefore, during that period, the state was under the Spanish control. In the 17th century, the Franciscan, the first Europeans to live in Arizona attempted to establish missions in the North of the state, but their plan failed. In the year 1680, there arose rebellion against the Spanish to drive the colonists, priests, and soldiers out of the state. In 1691 a Jesuit priest established the first European settlement in Arizona. In the 18th century, after the revolts from the Native tribes, the first permanent settlement was found in the state, and a Spanish presidio was built.
In the 19th century, the state experienced a significant number of political changes in its history. In 1821, Mexico took control of the military of Arizona. In the year 1848, during the Mexican War, the United States won the war and gained all the Northern part of Arizona. In 1863, Arizona was made a territory that was created by Congress with its capital being Prescott. However, in 1889, the capital was relocated to Phoenix city. In the 20th century, Arizona became the 48th state with Phoenix being its capital and George Hunt being the first governor. Later, the United States joined the Second World War against the Germans. Mexico supported Germany since they were promised of regaining Arizona if they helped the Germans fight the United States. In 1948, the Indians who resided in the state gained the right to vote. In 1964, the senator of the state, Barry Goldwater, ran for the presidency but he lost. In 1965, the judge from the state was voted in as Chief Justice of Arizona State Supreme Court. In 1975, Raul Castro became the first Governor of Arizona from the Mexican American. In 1981, the state made history in the States as Sandra Day, an Arizona Justice, became the first woman in the United States Supreme court.  In the year 1988, Governor Evan Mecham became the first governor to be impeached.
In the same year, the acting Governor, Rose Mofford was sworn in as the 18th Governor of the state, and she became the first woman in the state to hold the office[4]. In 1991, Symington became a governor in a run-off election. In 1997, the secretary of the state, Jane Hull became a Governor in 5th September. The secretary took office after Symington resigned after being associated with bank fraud. However, the conviction was overruled in 1999 and the then United States president; Bill Clinton pardoned him. In the 21st century, less political events have occurred. In 2003, Lori Piestewa died in the Iraq invasion. In the same year, Governor Janet Napolitano stirred up controversy as she pushed for the renaming of the Squaw Peak in Phoenix, but the change was still made.  
In 2011, the Congresswoman was shot, and she resigned her seat as the congresswoman of the state, and later she with her husband started a campaign for gun safety. In the year 2014, the Phoenix VA Health Care System reported to a congressional panel of the logjam of medical appoints that was hidden by the top administrators. Consequently, the senior officials were forced from the office. In the same year, Arizona conducted a voter-approved constitutional amendment that allowed same-sex marriages. Initially, the state had denied marriage rights to same-sex couples. However, the lawsuits were challenged in the federal court, and they decided that the ban was unconstitutional. 
The Southern Settlement Civil War
The southern settlement civil war is among the most significant trends in the state of Arizona. The civil war was fought as the individuals wanted to possess the southern part of the state where Phoenix was located. The city was of great importance to the fighting individuals since it was rich in minerals and the land was fertile. The war was between the Union and the Confederacy. Both the Union and the Confederacy wanted to possess California since it was rich in minerals and it gave easy access to the Pacific Ocean through the Salt River. Conquering the state would allow the Confederacy to be recognized by the European. During the war, Arizona was part of the New Mexico Territory hence the Confederacy believed that they would conquer the territory since its residents were from the Southern.  During the war, one of the most significant defections, Major Henry H. Sibley, who was a commander at Fort Union, returned to the New Mexico as a Confederate general. The general arrived in San Antonio and organized three regiments of the Texas Volunteer Cavalry.
At this time, Tucson became a threat to the Confederacy. Therefore, in 1862, Sibley took away a company of mounted rifles under a captain named Captain Sherod Hunter to take Tucson into the Confederacy. On 3rd March 1862, Hunter and his troop went to Pima Indian villages that were along the River. In the communities, he captured Ammi White who was involved in the business of buying grains and supplying them to the Union troops. He later discovered that every station of the Butterfield Overland Mail had been given hay for Colonel James Carleton who was a soldier in California[5]. Hunter burned six of the stations as the Carleton’s California Column of around 2,000 soldiers was concentrating on the attack of Arizona. Consequently, Carleton sent Captain William with the 1st California Dragoons to number the forces of the Confederate. He instructed the captain to make a stop at Pima villages and build a new building that would store the wheat and flour from Ammi. Additionally, the captain was ordered to survey Tucson and recapture the town. At Ammi’s premises, Captain William knocked, and the door was opened by Hunter who was posing like Ammi until the Confederates captured the Federals.
Afterward, Captain William was escorted to Tucson. Carleton sent Captain William Galloway with 272 men and a battery of 12 pounder howitzers to build a center at the Pima village and to go to recapture Captain William at Tucson. Galloway sent Lieutenant James Barrett to surround the rebels from the east together with 12 cavalrymen. On 15th April, the group led by Barret approached Picacho Pass that was about 45 miles on the Northwest of Tucson. There, they discovered three stakes of the Confederates that were being taken to the Confederate’s ground. Barret approached the three dismounted Confederates, and there arose a gun firing war. The gunshots alerted other states who took the defensive positions in the heavy attack[6].  Barret realized that they would be defeated and he led his troop in a single file into the bushes. The rebel fired and hit four soldiers of the Union soldiers as the Federals regrouped, and the Rebels hid in the thicket to reload their guns.  Barret followed the rebels and was shot on the neck and killed immediately. The fight lasted for 90 minutes after which the Union troops withdrew and took their wounded soldiers and the three captured prisoners with them. On the other hand, the Rebels took their injured and moved to Tucson to warn Hunter against attacking them.
Hunter was not receiving any support, and he knew that Carleton and the California Column would come to occupy the Tucson town. He also knew that Carleton had a large group of strong forces. Thus he resolved to remove his soldiers and transferred them to Texas. Picacho Pass was perceived to be the furthest to the west battle of the civil war. However, there was a battle at the Stanwix Station where the disagreement at La Paz on the Colorado River occurred. In this battlefield, blood was shed in 1863 as the Union soldiers from Fort Yuma were attacked in front of Goldwater's store. Here, Confederate soldiers killed two soldiers from the Union's troop and wounded one.
The Effects of the Southern Civil War in the Phoenix Area
The Southern Civil war significantly affected the Phoenix area. The range of the effects cut across the economic and social welfare of the city. Economically, the Phoenix city was adversely affected. During the war, the economy of the State gradually changed from agricultural to industrial economy. The first stage of the industrial revolutions was primarily limited to the North region thus the South area was left so much far behind[7]. In the agriculture sector, the Northern area produced more agricultural products than the Southern farmers. This disparity resulted from the revolution that was happening in the agriculture sector. In the North region, agricultural practices were highly mechanized while in the South, agriculture was labor intensive. By the year 1860, the peaceful states had increased the farm machines in their farms, and thus there was increased productivity.
The industrial revolution in the Northern States increased the rate of rural-urban migration. By 1860, more people had migrated to the urban areas. Remarkably, this migration contributed to the growth of the Northern cities due to the presence of the farm machinery, food processing machines and the railway equipment factories. On the other hand, the Southern region had about 10% of the population living in the urban areas thus the city stagnated in matters of urban growth[8]. Every sector of the Union economy had increased production. High levels of mechanizations allowed every farmer to grow crops and process them more efficiently since the machines were fast.  The mechanization also was of much significance as they let the farmers leave homes and join the Union military. On the contrary, the people of the South were much involved in the farms since they had to offer manual labor in their farms.
In the transport sector, the transport industries grew rampantly especially the railroads. The Northern region had large tracts that had higher ability to build and move parts. These tracts gave the Northern region an advantage over the South. The Union forces used the trains to commute to fight and occupy the Confederacy. During the war, the Northern region captured the operating Southern rail lines and equipment[9]. At the end of the war, the Southern did not have an operating railway hence adversely affected the transport economy of the State while the Northern area prospered in the transport economy.
The weapon manufacturing, leather good, iron production, and textile industries grew rampantly in the Northern region. However, in the Southern area, the industries did not develop and thus, they were very few of them in the region. Having so much fight in the South, significantly contributed to the slow growth of industries in the South region. Southern farmers were hindered from selling their goods overseas due to the Union naval blockades that prevented them from reaching the overseas. The invasion of the Southern region by the Union resulted in the capturing of the Southern transport system and manufacturing facilities. The economy of the Southern part was shaky throughout the year. However, in its later years, the economy grew worse. The economy suffered during 1864 as the Union armies fought the Confederate troops. The Union took advantage of the railroad lines and the steamships to transport the soldiers. In general, the war adversely affected the economy of the South region where the Phoenix was located. The agriculture, industrial and transport economies were the most affected in the area.
The war did affect not only the economy of the region but also the social life of the people. At the end of the war, the Southern region was defeated. Equally, there was the loss of border states. The southern were unable to mark their boundaries, and thus they needed to split to protect their right to own slaves. The war led to the Southern belief in the aristocratic privilege. Thus, many people from the southern believed that the war was a rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight. The conditions at the wartime affected the rich and the poor differently. The wealthiest people from the south paid for their exemptions so that every white person who fought in the war had no slave. Food shortage became more frequent than previous, and that caused the rich people to hide the available food secretly. As a result, the poor people did not have access to food and thus hunger stroke the Southern region. In the South region, the social class was only considered as the military class[10]. Therefore, the wealthier soldiers did not obey the officers of the ordinary social class. As a result, the discipline broke down.  Further, the war affected the Southern region socially by failure to have enough services to meet wartime end demand.
Another social effect of the Southern civil war is the creation of stronger Federal government and weaker State government. The Federal government still exists even to the present day. Its role is to oversee the governance of the state's government and hence reduce the chances of war among the nations. Additionally, the States governments ensured that the people of the country are not divided into regions that would promote war against each other. Also, the Federal government was established to provide that there was an equal allocation of resources among the states to support balanced economic growth. Additionally, after the war there arose regional and cultural differences in the country. The disputes arose from the creation of a different social class of the people, and different beliefs among the people of the state. However, much caution is taken to ensure that the cultural differences or the religious differences do not trigger the rivalry between the Northerners and the Southerners.
Several constitutional amendments were made to ensure the social life of people was enhanced after the war. The Constitution addressed the slavery issue and declared that slavery and involuntary servitude was illegal. Slavery was only allowed as a form of punishment.  Besides, the blacks were incorporated in determining a state's population. Initially, the blacks were regarded as partial persons, but in the present day, they are counted as a whole in during the counting of the population. Also, the voting rights were guaranteed to all people and not by color[11]. Therefore, the Indians and the blacks gained the rights to vote in the Southern city. Additionally, the poll taxes as a prerequisite to voting were considered illegal, and this gave a chance to all people both the rich and the poor to vote.
The war caused a change in the political correctness in speech and description of people. Therefore, the black people were not regarded as ‘black' or "negro" or "colored" by the Americans. Consequently, the people are called African – American in the present day. After the war, the discrimination based on the skin color was considered illegal, and therefore employment opportunities were offered equally among the white and the African –Americans[12]. These regulations ensured that the people of the State were treated equally and the sense of human dignity was restored in the country.
Apart from the war affecting the economic and the social aspects of the states, it also changed the political structure of the state. After the war, there was a series of amendments of the constitution that was made. The amendments mostly focused on the radical and rapid social and political change of the American History. The amendments that focused on the racial diversity helped in the transformation of the rights of the people. Consequently, after the war, there was a constitution that granted equal rights to the people of the State.
As a result of the amendments, all the people received equal rights triggering the election of the first African American President in 2008. The president took the oath of office using the same Bible that Abraham Lincoln used to take the oath as he assumed the office in the year 1861[13]. The election of the African American shows that the political structure had changed since in the past only a white would lead the country. Additionally, the act of using the same bible that Abraham Lincoln used showed that the African Americans were regarded as people who would rise to power.
 During the war, the country was divided since there were two rival regions which were the Northern and the Southern areas of the nation. The political leaders sought for ways to end the regional conflicts. One way through which the leaders played a role in ending the regional conflicts is bypassing the Missouri Compromise of 1820 which accepted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a territory free of slaves. However, the efforts of the leaders to maintain a balance between the free states and the slave states failed, and they sought for another way to ensure the two states are free from conflicts. Therefore, they passed the Fugitive Slave Act which required North region to return the captured slaves to the Southern Region.
By the year 1860, Abraham Lincoln was elected as the 16th President of the United States. Lincoln warned the countrymen, against the division and hence he summoned the South against leaving the Union. However, the warning did not hinder the war from taking place in 1861. Therefore, the President suspended the writ of habeas corpus. This act enabled the Northerners to capture the Southern sympathizers in their midst.
Before the civil war, there were no laws that prohibited the African –Americans from serving in the military or the national army. Additionally, the blacks would not receive passports from the State Departments. During the war, the Congress of 1862 passed a law that authorized the recruitment of the black people into the national army and the states' armies[14]. Consequently, many black people served as noncommissioned officers and other served as officers in the state.   Before the war, the states had no currency and people used bank notes. After the war, the Secretary of Treasury developed a policy that allowed the use of greenbacks in banks. The law was passed and that marked a new beginning of the journey of getting a currency.
The Lost Causes of the Southern Settlement Civil War and the Effects on the Civil Rights Movement
 The Lost Cause of the Confederacy is the ideology that states that despite losing in the civil war, the cause of the Confederacy was a noble cause. The White Southerners sought for the consolation by associating their loss to the factors that they were unable to control and to the betrayals from the heroes and cause. The Lost Cause of the defeat of the Confederacy states that the Confederate generals represented the virtues of Southern nobility[15]. The Northern generals were men with low moral standards, and they engaged in immoral campaigns against the Southern civilians.  This Lost Cause affected the Civil Rights Movement as the Southern thought that their rights were violated and they arose to fight for their rights through the movement.
Another Lost Cause attitude associated with the settlement civil war is that losses in the battle were not evitable and the blame was laid on the Northern superiority in resources and power. The people from the North had a higher economy, and they had powerful weapons, unlike the Southern that had a poor economy and poor weapons[16]. As a result, the Southern people were defeated in the war. This Lost Cause influenced the civil rights as the activists fought for the equal distribution of resources among the people of both regions so that the economy of both sections would grow together and no area will be more developed than the other hence, equal economic and political powers among the regions will be the same. The existence of the same political and economic forces would influence the Northern region people to respect and treat all people inequality.
The war contributed to the history of the people of the state. The southern settlement civil war contributed to the history of the state by laying a foundation for the formation of the civil rights movement. The civil rights movement is among the national trends that contribute to the history of the United States[17]. The southern people date their freedom that they experience from the civil rights movement since it is from the civil rights movements that the nation granted the rights of the people of the south[18]. From the Civil Rights movement, the black people were treated equally with the white people, and this allowed the blacks to be incorporated in the city as full people. Additionally, the civil rights movement campaigned against the slavery of the southern people. Thus the people of the southern region experienced freedom from bondage hence they would be able to work voluntarily.
The war is among the several trends that contribute to the history of the nation. The war adds to the state's history since it was the basis that the Civil Rights Movement was established. The movement was created to campaign against the discrimination of the African- American. The blacks were discriminated by the ethnic communities and the skin color. The black people were denied the rights to join the army and also they were not allowed to vote. Consequently, the African- Americans felt that their rights were violated hence they sought to campaign for their rights. After a period of an intense campaign of civil rights to the blacks, a great revolution occurred in the states as the black people were granted the rights against discrimination.
In conclusion, the Southern civil war is among the many national trends in the States. The war contributes to the history of the state since it is among the historical trends in the nation. The battle opened the way for more campaigns against the discrimination by skin color, social class or the military position.  Consequently, the southern settlement civil war significantly contributes to the history of the state. Similarly, the Lost Cause of the war played a vital role in the history of the state as it was the basis for the establishment of the Civil Rights Movement. Therefore, there is the need to appreciate the settlement war since it gives an insight to the people of the nation on the history of the country. 







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