Phoenix is the capital
city of the Arizona state. The city is located along Salt River that is in the
southern –central part of the state. The city significantly contributes to the
economy of the state since it serves as a financial, communication and
transport center. The city lies on an 1165 square kilometers area and borders
Mexico to the North. Additionally, the city plays a prominent role in the
history of the country since it is the area in which the Southern civil war
took place. The area was initially occupied by the Native Americans who were
later replaced by the building of the canals. The Americans were displaced
since they were found to interfere with the construction of the trenches.
Therefore, there was a civil war as the Spanish and American explorers fought
with the Native Americans. The Spanish and the Americans fought the Native
Americans to displace them from their settlement along the Salt River. This
paper aims at exploring the effects of the civil war and determine how the war
contributed to the Civil Rights Movement.
The
Economic History of Phoenix
In the prehistory age,
the city was occupied by the Native Americans who were nomads. Therefore, their
economic practice was nomadic pastoralism through which they acquired food and
a source of living. Eventually, the tribes left the land and left the
imaginative fertile land without particular occupants. In the year 19th
century, as the Spanish and the American explored the world, they passed
through the region. In the year 1857, a businessman named Jack Swilling who was
a militant during the American Civil War identified the potential of the land.
Swilling built canals along the ruins that were left by the Native Americans
who were also known as the Hohokam[1]. The canals were used in
the irrigation system to grow crops since the land was fertile and was along a
river. Hence water for irrigation was available. In the 1870s, it was proved
that the town had grown and thus there was a need for it to be upgraded. In
1881, the town was adopted as a city. The South Pacific Railroad passed through
the city in the 1880s. In the 1890s, the mule-drawn trams were also introduced
into the city. By the end of the century, the city had evolved into a major
trading center in the state.
In the early 20th
century, there was an intense political activity that was of importance to the
growing of the city. In 1902, the then president signed the National
Reclamation Act. The act allowed Roosevelt Dam construction that dismissed some
of the sections of the Salt River. Additionally, the dam led to the migration
of the river wildlife. In spite of the adverse effects, the dam provided the
city with hydroelectric power and frequent water supply for the residents and
the irrigation systems. The city became the capital of Arizona state in 1912. During the Second World War, the city was used
as a center of distribution that offered employment to the residents and the
economic immigrants. In the 1960s, tourists began flocking in the city since
they were drawn by the historical sites.
The exotic features of the city also attracted
the tourists and hence tourism became a significant contributor to the economy
of the city and the state as a whole. The Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum is
among the many sites the tourists would visit to watch the rock concerts and
the basketball games. However, in the
1970s, the number of tourists began to drop due to the emergence of street
gangs who threatened the tourists. In
the 21st century, the city has grown with a large number of bars,
restaurants, and shops that are located in the city. Therefore, the city
contributes to the state’s economic growth from the taxes and revenues
collected from the business premises. Equally, the city is well known since it
is a transport center in the state of Arizona. In the year 1990, the Sky Harbor
International Airport opened its fourth terminal hence enhancing the transport
system in the state. The airport has won several awards for being the best in
communication excellence and passenger facilities.
The
Social History of the State
In the prehistory, people
lived together in groups, and they kept moving from one place to another since
they were nomads. In the 1920s the city was becoming an agricultural center due
to the irrigation system developed by the Spanish and the Americans who settled
in the land. For agricultural reasons, more people started flocking into the
city. Therefore, the population increased twice. By 1920, the city had 30,000
people, and by 1930, there were over 48,000 people[2]. The population growth
caused the farmers to sell their land to the developers who built houses in the
city. Due to the population pressure, the land in the city was split more to
give the developers a place to construct homes for the people who migrated to
the city. The developers needed the people to have a sense of belonging to the
country though they were in the rural area in Phoenix.
Before the 19th
century, the people of Arizona upheld the rich cultural diversity. However,
since the beginning of the 19thcentury, the cultural behaviors were
disregarded due to the increase in urbanization as many individuals moved to
the Southern part of the state where Phoenix was located. The urban segments
made the individuals reflect more on the tastes, fashion, speech, religious
differences, lifestyle and political attitudes that had come from diverse
places. At the beginning of the 19th century, almost all the central
and northern part of Arizona was unoccupied. Many individuals preferred to live
in the southern part of the state where Phoenix was located since it was
urbanized.
Initially, there were
less than 1,000 people from Hispania who lived in the state. However, in the 20th
century, the number of Hispanic people rampantly increased. Since the year
1990, the Mexicans started flocking in the city and occupied most of the
Phoenix city. As a result, today most of the Phoenix residents are from the
Mexican generation. The Mexicans and the Hispanics have a history of cordial
living unlike other ethnic communities in the bordering states. Most of the
Mexican Americans in Arizona live in several neighborhoods and are
significantly involved in the state's business political and social life. The
Mexican Americans intermarry with the Hispanics, and hence there is a peaceful
relationship between the two communities. In the present day, the Native
Americans are grouped into 15 tribes that reside in an 85- acre reserve. The
Mexican Americans on the other hand, are about 100,000 in Arizona and they are
involved in the development of the land and its people. Lastly, the tribal government assumes all the
responsibilities in many areas of the state and economic life.
The
Political History of the State
In the prehistoric age,
the people of Arizona were not governed by any rule or any structure of the
government. Between the year 1528-1536, Arizona was discovered by the Spanish
who were exploring the world[3]. They developed an
interest in the state and captured it and exercised rule and power over it.
Therefore, during that period, the state was under the Spanish control. In the
17th century, the Franciscan, the first Europeans to live in Arizona
attempted to establish missions in the North of the state, but their plan failed.
In the year 1680, there arose rebellion against the Spanish to drive the
colonists, priests, and soldiers out of the state. In 1691 a Jesuit priest
established the first European settlement in Arizona. In the 18th century,
after the revolts from the Native tribes, the first permanent settlement was
found in the state, and a Spanish presidio was built.
In the 19th
century, the state experienced a significant number of political changes in its
history. In 1821, Mexico took control of the military of Arizona. In the year
1848, during the Mexican War, the United States won the war and gained all the
Northern part of Arizona. In 1863, Arizona was made a territory that was
created by Congress with its capital being Prescott. However, in 1889, the
capital was relocated to Phoenix city. In the 20th century, Arizona
became the 48th state with Phoenix being its capital and George Hunt
being the first governor. Later, the United States joined the Second World War
against the Germans. Mexico supported Germany since they were promised of
regaining Arizona if they helped the Germans fight the United States. In 1948,
the Indians who resided in the state gained the right to vote. In 1964, the
senator of the state, Barry Goldwater, ran for the presidency but he lost. In
1965, the judge from the state was voted in as Chief Justice of Arizona State
Supreme Court. In 1975, Raul Castro became the first Governor of Arizona from
the Mexican American. In 1981, the state made history in the States as Sandra
Day, an Arizona Justice, became the first woman in the United States Supreme
court. In the year 1988, Governor Evan
Mecham became the first governor to be impeached.
In the same year, the
acting Governor, Rose Mofford was sworn in as the 18th Governor of
the state, and she became the first woman in the state to hold the office[4]. In 1991, Symington became
a governor in a run-off election. In 1997, the secretary of the state, Jane
Hull became a Governor in 5th September. The secretary took office
after Symington resigned after being associated with bank fraud. However, the
conviction was overruled in 1999 and the then United States president; Bill
Clinton pardoned him. In the 21st century, less political events
have occurred. In 2003, Lori Piestewa died in the Iraq invasion. In the same
year, Governor Janet Napolitano stirred up controversy as she pushed for the
renaming of the Squaw Peak in Phoenix, but the change was still made.
In 2011, the
Congresswoman was shot, and she resigned her seat as the congresswoman of the
state, and later she with her husband started a campaign for gun safety. In the
year 2014, the Phoenix VA Health Care System reported to a congressional panel
of the logjam of medical appoints that was hidden by the top administrators.
Consequently, the senior officials were forced from the office. In the same
year, Arizona conducted a voter-approved constitutional amendment that allowed
same-sex marriages. Initially, the state had denied marriage rights to same-sex
couples. However, the lawsuits were challenged in the federal court, and they
decided that the ban was unconstitutional.
The
Southern Settlement Civil War
The southern settlement
civil war is among the most significant trends in the state of Arizona. The
civil war was fought as the individuals wanted to possess the southern part of
the state where Phoenix was located. The city was of great importance to the
fighting individuals since it was rich in minerals and the land was fertile. The
war was between the Union and the Confederacy. Both the Union and the
Confederacy wanted to possess California since it was rich in minerals and it
gave easy access to the Pacific Ocean through the Salt River. Conquering the
state would allow the Confederacy to be recognized by the European. During the
war, Arizona was part of the New Mexico Territory hence the Confederacy
believed that they would conquer the territory since its residents were from
the Southern. During the war, one of the
most significant defections, Major Henry H. Sibley, who was a commander at Fort
Union, returned to the New Mexico as a Confederate general. The general arrived
in San Antonio and organized three regiments of the Texas Volunteer Cavalry.
At this time, Tucson
became a threat to the Confederacy. Therefore, in 1862, Sibley took away a
company of mounted rifles under a captain named Captain Sherod Hunter to take Tucson
into the Confederacy. On 3rd March 1862, Hunter and his troop went
to Pima Indian villages that were along the River. In the communities, he
captured Ammi White who was involved in the business of buying grains and
supplying them to the Union troops. He later discovered that every station of
the Butterfield Overland Mail had been given hay for Colonel James Carleton who
was a soldier in California[5]. Hunter burned six of the
stations as the Carleton’s California Column of around 2,000 soldiers was
concentrating on the attack of Arizona. Consequently, Carleton sent Captain
William with the 1st California Dragoons to number the forces of the
Confederate. He instructed the captain to make a stop at Pima villages and
build a new building that would store the wheat and flour from Ammi. Additionally,
the captain was ordered to survey Tucson and recapture the town. At Ammi’s
premises, Captain William knocked, and the door was opened by Hunter who was
posing like Ammi until the Confederates captured the Federals.
Afterward, Captain
William was escorted to Tucson. Carleton sent Captain William Galloway with 272
men and a battery of 12 pounder howitzers to build a center at the Pima village
and to go to recapture Captain William at Tucson. Galloway sent Lieutenant
James Barrett to surround the rebels from the east together with 12 cavalrymen.
On 15th April, the group led by Barret approached Picacho Pass that
was about 45 miles on the Northwest of Tucson. There, they discovered three
stakes of the Confederates that were being taken to the Confederate’s ground.
Barret approached the three dismounted Confederates, and there arose a gun
firing war. The gunshots alerted other states who took the defensive positions
in the heavy attack[6]. Barret realized that they would be defeated
and he led his troop in a single file into the bushes. The rebel fired and hit
four soldiers of the Union soldiers as the Federals regrouped, and the Rebels
hid in the thicket to reload their guns.
Barret followed the rebels and was shot on the neck and killed
immediately. The fight lasted for 90 minutes after which the Union troops
withdrew and took their wounded soldiers and the three captured prisoners with
them. On the other hand, the Rebels took their injured and moved to Tucson to
warn Hunter against attacking them.
Hunter was not receiving
any support, and he knew that Carleton and the California Column would come to
occupy the Tucson town. He also knew that Carleton had a large group of strong
forces. Thus he resolved to remove his soldiers and transferred them to Texas.
Picacho Pass was perceived to be the furthest to the west battle of the civil
war. However, there was a battle at the Stanwix Station where the disagreement
at La Paz on the Colorado River occurred. In this battlefield, blood was shed
in 1863 as the Union soldiers from Fort Yuma were attacked in front of
Goldwater's store. Here, Confederate soldiers killed two soldiers from the
Union's troop and wounded one.
The
Effects of the Southern Civil War in the Phoenix Area
The Southern Civil war
significantly affected the Phoenix area. The range of the effects cut across
the economic and social welfare of the city. Economically, the Phoenix city was
adversely affected. During the war, the economy of the State gradually changed
from agricultural to industrial economy. The first stage of the industrial
revolutions was primarily limited to the North region thus the South area was
left so much far behind[7]. In the agriculture
sector, the Northern area produced more agricultural products than the Southern
farmers. This disparity resulted from the revolution that was happening in the
agriculture sector. In the North region, agricultural practices were highly
mechanized while in the South, agriculture was labor intensive. By the year
1860, the peaceful states had increased the farm machines in their farms, and
thus there was increased productivity.
The industrial revolution
in the Northern States increased the rate of rural-urban migration. By 1860, more
people had migrated to the urban areas. Remarkably, this migration contributed
to the growth of the Northern cities due to the presence of the farm machinery,
food processing machines and the railway equipment factories. On the other
hand, the Southern region had about 10% of the population living in the urban
areas thus the city stagnated in matters of urban growth[8]. Every sector of the Union
economy had increased production. High levels of mechanizations allowed every
farmer to grow crops and process them more efficiently since the machines were
fast. The mechanization also was of much
significance as they let the farmers leave homes and join the Union military.
On the contrary, the people of the South were much involved in the farms since
they had to offer manual labor in their farms.
In the transport sector,
the transport industries grew rampantly especially the railroads. The Northern
region had large tracts that had higher ability to build and move parts. These
tracts gave the Northern region an advantage over the South. The Union forces
used the trains to commute to fight and occupy the Confederacy. During the war,
the Northern region captured the operating Southern rail lines and equipment[9]. At the end of the war,
the Southern did not have an operating railway hence adversely affected the
transport economy of the State while the Northern area prospered in the
transport economy.
The weapon manufacturing,
leather good, iron production, and textile industries grew rampantly in the
Northern region. However, in the Southern area, the industries did not develop
and thus, they were very few of them in the region. Having so much fight in the
South, significantly contributed to the slow growth of industries in the South
region. Southern farmers were hindered from selling their goods overseas due to
the Union naval blockades that prevented them from reaching the overseas. The
invasion of the Southern region by the Union resulted in the capturing of the Southern
transport system and manufacturing facilities. The economy of the Southern part
was shaky throughout the year. However, in its later years, the economy grew
worse. The economy suffered during 1864 as the Union armies fought the
Confederate troops. The Union took advantage of the railroad lines and the
steamships to transport the soldiers. In general, the war adversely affected
the economy of the South region where the Phoenix was located. The agriculture,
industrial and transport economies were the most affected in the area.
The war did affect not
only the economy of the region but also the social life of the people. At the
end of the war, the Southern region was defeated. Equally, there was the loss
of border states. The southern were unable to mark their boundaries, and thus
they needed to split to protect their right to own slaves. The war led to the
Southern belief in the aristocratic privilege. Thus, many people from the
southern believed that the war was a rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight. The
conditions at the wartime affected the rich and the poor differently. The
wealthiest people from the south paid for their exemptions so that every white
person who fought in the war had no slave. Food shortage became more frequent
than previous, and that caused the rich people to hide the available food
secretly. As a result, the poor people did not have access to food and thus
hunger stroke the Southern region. In the South region, the social class was
only considered as the military class[10]. Therefore, the wealthier
soldiers did not obey the officers of the ordinary social class. As a result,
the discipline broke down. Further, the
war affected the Southern region socially by failure to have enough services to
meet wartime end demand.
Another social effect of
the Southern civil war is the creation of stronger Federal government and
weaker State government. The Federal government still exists even to the
present day. Its role is to oversee the governance of the state's government
and hence reduce the chances of war among the nations. Additionally, the States
governments ensured that the people of the country are not divided into regions
that would promote war against each other. Also, the Federal government was
established to provide that there was an equal allocation of resources among
the states to support balanced economic growth. Additionally, after the war
there arose regional and cultural differences in the country. The disputes
arose from the creation of a different social class of the people, and
different beliefs among the people of the state. However, much caution is taken
to ensure that the cultural differences or the religious differences do not
trigger the rivalry between the Northerners and the Southerners.
Several constitutional
amendments were made to ensure the social life of people was enhanced after the
war. The Constitution addressed the slavery issue and declared that slavery and
involuntary servitude was illegal. Slavery was only allowed as a form of
punishment. Besides, the blacks were incorporated
in determining a state's population. Initially, the blacks were regarded as
partial persons, but in the present day, they are counted as a whole in during
the counting of the population. Also, the voting rights were guaranteed to all
people and not by color[11]. Therefore, the Indians
and the blacks gained the rights to vote in the Southern city. Additionally,
the poll taxes as a prerequisite to voting were considered illegal, and this
gave a chance to all people both the rich and the poor to vote.
The war caused a change
in the political correctness in speech and description of people. Therefore,
the black people were not regarded as ‘black' or "negro" or
"colored" by the Americans. Consequently, the people are called
African – American in the present day. After the war, the discrimination based
on the skin color was considered illegal, and therefore employment
opportunities were offered equally among the white and the African –Americans[12]. These regulations ensured
that the people of the State were treated equally and the sense of human
dignity was restored in the country.
Apart from the war
affecting the economic and the social aspects of the states, it also changed
the political structure of the state. After the war, there was a series of
amendments of the constitution that was made. The amendments mostly focused on
the radical and rapid social and political change of the American History. The amendments
that focused on the racial diversity helped in the transformation of the rights
of the people. Consequently, after the war, there was a constitution that
granted equal rights to the people of the State.
As a result of the
amendments, all the people received equal rights triggering the election of the
first African American President in 2008. The president took the oath of office
using the same Bible that Abraham Lincoln used to take the oath as he assumed
the office in the year 1861[13]. The election of the
African American shows that the political structure had changed since in the
past only a white would lead the country. Additionally, the act of using the
same bible that Abraham Lincoln used showed that the African Americans were
regarded as people who would rise to power.
During the war, the country was divided since
there were two rival regions which were the Northern and the Southern areas of
the nation. The political leaders sought for ways to end the regional
conflicts. One way through which the leaders played a role in ending the
regional conflicts is bypassing the Missouri Compromise of 1820 which accepted
Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a territory free of slaves. However, the
efforts of the leaders to maintain a balance between the free states and the
slave states failed, and they sought for another way to ensure the two states
are free from conflicts. Therefore, they passed the Fugitive Slave Act which
required North region to return the captured slaves to the Southern Region.
By the year 1860, Abraham
Lincoln was elected as the 16th President of the United States.
Lincoln warned the countrymen, against the division and hence he summoned the
South against leaving the Union. However, the warning did not hinder the war
from taking place in 1861. Therefore, the President suspended the writ of
habeas corpus. This act enabled the Northerners to capture the Southern
sympathizers in their midst.
Before the civil war,
there were no laws that prohibited the African –Americans from serving in the military
or the national army. Additionally, the blacks would not receive passports from
the State Departments. During the war, the Congress of 1862 passed a law that
authorized the recruitment of the black people into the national army and the
states' armies[14].
Consequently, many black people served as noncommissioned officers and other
served as officers in the state. Before
the war, the states had no currency and people used bank notes. After the war,
the Secretary of Treasury developed a policy that allowed the use of greenbacks
in banks. The law was passed and that marked a new beginning of the journey of
getting a currency.
The
Lost Causes of the Southern Settlement Civil War and the Effects on the Civil
Rights Movement
The Lost Cause of the Confederacy is the
ideology that states that despite losing in the civil war, the cause of the
Confederacy was a noble cause. The White Southerners sought for the consolation
by associating their loss to the factors that they were unable to control and
to the betrayals from the heroes and cause. The Lost Cause of the defeat of the
Confederacy states that the Confederate generals represented the virtues of
Southern nobility[15]. The Northern generals
were men with low moral standards, and they engaged in immoral campaigns
against the Southern civilians. This
Lost Cause affected the Civil Rights Movement as the Southern thought that
their rights were violated and they arose to fight for their rights through the
movement.
Another Lost Cause
attitude associated with the settlement civil war is that losses in the battle
were not evitable and the blame was laid on the Northern superiority in
resources and power. The people from the North had a higher economy, and they
had powerful weapons, unlike the Southern that had a poor economy and poor
weapons[16]. As a result, the
Southern people were defeated in the war. This Lost Cause influenced the civil
rights as the activists fought for the equal distribution of resources among
the people of both regions so that the economy of both sections would grow
together and no area will be more developed than the other hence, equal
economic and political powers among the regions will be the same. The existence
of the same political and economic forces would influence the Northern region
people to respect and treat all people inequality.
The war contributed to
the history of the people of the state. The southern settlement civil war
contributed to the history of the state by laying a foundation for the
formation of the civil rights movement. The civil rights movement is among the
national trends that contribute to the history of the United States[17]. The southern people date
their freedom that they experience from the civil rights movement since it is
from the civil rights movements that the nation granted the rights of the
people of the south[18]. From the Civil Rights
movement, the black people were treated equally with the white people, and this
allowed the blacks to be incorporated in the city as full people. Additionally,
the civil rights movement campaigned against the slavery of the southern people.
Thus the people of the southern region experienced freedom from bondage hence
they would be able to work voluntarily.
The war is among the
several trends that contribute to the history of the nation. The war adds to
the state's history since it was the basis that the Civil Rights Movement was
established. The movement was created to campaign against the discrimination of
the African- American. The blacks were discriminated by the ethnic communities
and the skin color. The black people were denied the rights to join the army
and also they were not allowed to vote. Consequently, the African- Americans
felt that their rights were violated hence they sought to campaign for their
rights. After a period of an intense campaign of civil rights to the blacks, a
great revolution occurred in the states as the black people were granted the
rights against discrimination.
In conclusion, the
Southern civil war is among the many national trends in the States. The war
contributes to the history of the state since it is among the historical trends
in the nation. The battle opened the way for more campaigns against the
discrimination by skin color, social class or the military position. Consequently, the southern settlement civil war
significantly contributes to the history of the state. Similarly, the Lost
Cause of the war played a vital role in the history of the state as it was the
basis for the establishment of the Civil Rights Movement. Therefore, there is
the need to appreciate the settlement war since it gives an insight to the
people of the nation on the history of the country.
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