Mobile Health
Name
Institutional Affiliation
Table
of Contents
Figure 1..................................................................................................................................... 10
Figure 2..................................................................................................................................... 12
Abstract........................................................................................................................................... 3
Impact of Business Strategies on the Leadership Concept............................................................. 7
Impact of Law in Health Information Management and Impact of
Health Policies to Address Health Informatics Needed in Mobile Health............................................................................................. 8
Meta-Analysis............................................................................................................................... 10
Implications for Further Research................................................................................................. 15
Abstract
Following
the huge number of population that is continuously up ticking, mobile health or
m-health has been a significant remedy to the health sector. This is because it
has devolved the responsibility and work of health officers and personnel to
the phones of their clients as well as patients. This topic considers the
review of problems, failures and any evidence that has arisen from the HIM
practices. The impact of business strategies on the concept of leadership and
management and how these practices have affected the mobile health sector, a
discussion of the impact and effect of economics, ethics professional standards
and an analysis of the consequences of health policies information management
on mobile health. A study of statistical models that was used in the health
care to gather and analyze data and in turn give discussions on the statistical
models that was used in this research (Chib, van Velthoven & Car, 2015). Further,
we also look at the results of the meta-analysis, the discussions of other
related studies that have been made and their comparison to the new research
concerning the mobile health, limitations,
summary and if there are areas that there should be a recommendation of
a further study. M-health has been seen to be encompassing a lot of issues and
show their interdependence and relations to the above issues (Chib, van
Velthoven & Car, 2015). Hence, this topic discusses the contributions,
failures, projects and impacts of mobile health to nations her people.
M-Health is an abbreviation of mobile
health used in the current health sector. ICT commonly known as information
communication technology will be discussed in this topic and how it relates and
influence the mobile health. The FNIH which represents a health body referred
to as the foundation of the national institute of health and its contribution
to mobile health will have to be considered. W.H.O referred to World Health
Organization (Telecommunications Union, 2013) Hence the topic discuss the
review of issues, failures and any evidence that has arisen from the HIM
practices. In addition to that, the impact of business strategies on the
concept of leadership and management and how these practices have affected the
mobile health sector is discussed. A discussion on the impact and effect of
economics, ethics professional standards and a discussion of the consequences
of health policies information management on mobile banking is also included.
An analysis of statistical models that was used in the health care to gather
and analyze data was sampling. In turn, it gave discussions on the statistical models
that were used in this research. HIV/AIDS which means the human immune
deficiency virus and the Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, a disease that was
transmitted sexually and it was on the rise globally (Chib, van Velthoven &
Car, 2015). We will look on how the mobile health has assisted such patients
since in most cases they are usually prejudiced and looked down upon, something
that was evident in the third world countries in Africa and Asia. Further, we
also discuss the results of the meta-analysis, the discussions of other related
researches that have been made and their comparison to the new research
concerning the mobile health, limitations,
summary and if there are areas that there should be a recommendation of
a further study. Therefore m health has been seen of encompasses a lot of
issues and show their interdependence and relations to the above issues.
Overview of Findings from the Fifteen Studies
This
report will empirically and vividly depict the following:
Firstly, the establishment and emergence
of mobile Health are occurring in many States rather than strategic
implementation through experimentation with the technology in some health
settings and areas (Telecommunications Union, 2013). Thus, the governments
concerned with her Policy-makers are obligated to have the essential and
sufficient know-how to make changes from pilot programs to finally embrace the
strategic deployments that are large-scaled. Secondly, many States around the
world have reported up to six available m-Health programs in each and every
nation. In addition, the survey that was conducted positioned the acceptance of
top of the mobile Health initiatives that were ranging from health calls which
was placed first to health call support systems which were position 14 to a
decision, hence the adoption patterns were explained and illustrated in accordance
with the World Health Organization region and World Bank income group (Telecommunications
Union, 2013).
Further, top 6 hindrances that are a
barrier to the implementation of m-health had a relation to the need for more
and intensive information and knowledge like the assessment of the
effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the mobile health applications. In
addition to that, other barriers included legal issues that make the health
system to conflict and the absence of support for the policy that will assist
the m-health program to thrive (Telecommunications Union, 2013). Next, the
evaluation of those activities by the Member States has been noted to be very
low at (12%) despite the rate of m-Health activities up ticking in other
respective states. The evaluation will therefore, be expected to be put into
the project management's lifecycle to make sure there are accurate and good
quality results.
The next finding is that citizen privacy
and the security of data are the regions that required policy and legal concern.
It will make individual data mobile Health users' is covered. Lastly, the
Member States will further progress in the implementation of the Mobile Health
facility only if sharing of the global ICT architecture levels and grades is
done. Working together towards developing the best of practice enterprise
architectures will facilitate efficient movement as well as the transition of
data between the systems and the application (Sanou, 2012).
Review of Success Issues and Failure: Motivation
Mobile health is one of the aspects of
electronic health or e-health that has enhanced and facilitated the pushing of
limits. This is through the acquisition, transportation, storing, processing
and promoting the security of information and data that is raw to give
practical results that are an essential aspect of the health department. M- Health
offers an opportunity for people living in remote areas to get health
facilities by allowing their participation in the medical value matrix that is
essential for analyzing the impact this initiative has to the entire
demographic population which may not be possible in the past. In addition to
that, participation does not only mean the consumption of health care services
only, but in most cases, the remote patients and clients are valuable
contributors in the gathering of information in regards to diseases and
concerns of the public health like violence, outdoor pollution, and drugs.
The motivation that catapulted to the
development of the mobile health facility arose from two factors, the myriad
constraints which felt that the health care systems of developing nations.
These constrain included the high population that was rapidly growing and the
burden of a high rate of disease prevalence, the huge population of rural
inhabitants limited the commercial facilities that will support the health care
systems and finally the small healthcare workforce. These are some of the
issues in the health care sector that catapulted for the adoption and research
of this topic since in our daily lives we are meant to solve problems and find
the solutions for them. The healthcare, mobile health, in particular, comes in
hand at a time when technology has been globally embracing starting from the
developed countries to underdeveloped countries. Little children of this
century can operate the mobile phones as well as to the old. Hence the
establishment of a stable and reliable telecommunication network has also
facilitated this initiative to be successful. In addition to that, mobile
banking has enabled to increase its network across the globe with a huge number
of cell phone holders subscribing to the health facility.
Impact
of Business Strategies on the Leadership Concept
The effect of business plans based on
concepts of leadership and management and how these practices affect your
chosen topic is very relevant to the mobile health sector. In business, there
must be an aim to make a profit and at the same time to satisfy the utilities
of the customers. Since the primary business in the health care sector will be
the mobile health, the ICT business fraternity has assisted in a big way to
ensure that this facility has been made to succeed (Sanou, 2012). They have
made sure for the favorable charging of the mobile health members across the
board they have the increased innovation in the efficiency of getting the
mobile service by the ease and improving the communication network. Thus
business strategies have gone a long way to ensuring that mobile health is not
sabotaged in any means. Some of the failure that the mobile health has
experienced in the recent past is the danger of the breach of their systems by
malicious people known to be hackers. Mobile health has not also been proven to
satisfy or meet the demand by 100% margin. Mobile health has been a
disadvantage to areas that have no electricity connection and stable network more
so in the developing countries.
Economics, Ethics and Business Standards
Since this is a business that has a lot of
customers subscribed to it, inflating the standard charge and cost of the
subscription to the mobile health by the service providers will surely make the
attainment of health services unbearable. This is because the health care has
facilitated the poor and the middle-class income earners thus any attempt to
uptick the charges will hinder people from getting the necessary need to
medical services. Budget constraints of the population, the income level, the
interest of making a profit by the service providers and finally the
equilibrium state that enables both the service provider and the clients get a
mutual benefit at equal grounds. This is facilitated when the service providers
earn their profit on the population getting the mobile health. This has also
been assisted with the ethics and business standards that have allowed and
created a favorable environment for the local people to benefit from mobile
health. It has also prevented the service providers according to the business
ethics that they are prohibited from monopolizing the service by making
supernatural profits at the expense of the people who need them-health service. Therefore economics ethics and business
standards have ensured a competent environment for the service providers as
well as the mobile health subscribers. Hence has prevented monopolization and
the accelerating of private interests that might have been in the business like
the greed of money and control of a large company that will be a significant
income and profit earner to the firm and the economy of the country.
Impact
of Law in Health Information Management and Impact of Health Policies to
Address Health Informatics Needed in Mobile Health
Mobile health is a networked medical
service that entails more than one entity.
Therefore respective nations that have adopted this initiative have made
to law certain bills that protect this service from being abused. For the mobile
health project to be valid and relevant, a number of laws have been implemented
to impact on the method by with the initiative manages its information.
Availing of client’s personal information and increasing of the private
information has been enabled by the law which implemented various measures to
secure the interest of the mobile health and client’s as well. This is because
customers view their information as private and they have to be protected by
law to ensure that their information is not leaked. Hence this has increased
the efficiency in information management.
On the other hand, health policies on
health mobile concerned with the health informatics system has enabled
efficient running of the health system. Therefore, Health policies have ensured
that the mobile health systems functions well and efficiently to enable the
entire population access health services and their personal records from any
point and any given time. This is through the storage, recording and retrieval
of information from the system. This has been applicable due to the policies
such as the implementation of work ethics, up to date software and trained
personnel. Thus the named policies are beneficial in addressing the day today
issues in mobile health sector.
Statistical Used in the Healthcare
As a result of the growing population and
demand for the mobile health, I was not able to interview or even gather data
and analyze them from all the parts of the world that have adopted the mobile
health. Instead, I used a sample population that will give me an accurate
result which will be analyzed in time and will be cost effective (The World
Bank Group, 2010). Using mobile's health data from the World Bank, led to the
realization that internationally the type of cellular mobile Health projects
that were frequently reported was mobile telemedicine 49%. Also, health care
telephone help lines at 59%, toll-free phone services that were emergent were
at 55% and emergencies 54% (The World Bank Group, 2010). Mobile Health projects
have a common trait that they share which is making the use of main voice
functionality of the mobile device. Hence the figure below shows acceptance of
mobile Health projects globally. The portable health initiatives that were
least frequently reported were surveillance 26%, health surveys 26%, raising
health awareness by 23% and the decision support systems up ticking by 19%.
However, the research focused on the observation of the effectiveness,
differences, and feasibility of the traditional ways of data collection and
disease surveillance. Mobile Health answers limitation to no integration with
the health information systems that are government-supported. Thus, such
projects cannot be widely known among government officials (The World Bank Group,
2010).
Meta-Analysis
In my research, I used the 215 unique
mobile health studies that were registered in the clinical trials. The result
was that 8.4% of the data were observational where n=18. The remaining 91.6% where
n=197 were interventional. 40 studies that were added were also used. Out of
the 215 studies I used, a percentage of 81.8 n=176 used the classical
randomized design (Michael, et al. 2010).
Figure
1
The
graph above contains the initiatives and projects of the mobile health that
have been accepted many nations. The effects of mobile health and services that
result from have been illustrated graphically and their reception in percentage
among countries. As a result of the diversity of the WHO regions, it is hard to
point common trends based on the commonalities between countries. It also
applies to the data gathered on adoption of mobile health (Lu, Lin & Shen,
2013). The figure 2 below illustrates that the health-call centers are the two
current mobile Health projects across the WHO areas. It was reported that the use of mobile phones
for disaster and emergency situations increased by 48% across all the regions
of the Member States apart from Eastern Mediterranean and African regions (Lu,
Lin & Shen, 2013). The presence marginal frequency of the toll-free
telephone services that were emergency was recorded in the African area
was 28% lower in comparison to other
parts where it was around 42–75%. This,
therefore, could be due to insufficient infrastructure that facilitates the
efficient response to emergency calls in some countries. This is evident
through the availability of poor roads.
Health-call centers are the most reported frequent
initiatives globally with stagnantly showing high standards of reception across
the WHO areas apart from the Africa where it recorded 40%, compared to the rest
of the areas which recorded approximately 60%. Hence with current developmental initiatives of
infrastructure and up ticking levels of high reception of these offers, it is
most likely that the mobile health will expand to the African regions. Usage of
mobile Health in times of emergency is also frequently reporting a global
uptick of approximately 50% (Lu, Lin & Shen, 2013). The Regions of
South-East Asia and America have shown high adoption of up to 70 percent whereas
Africa and East Mediterranean areas received a lower adoption at approximately
40%. Compliance of treatment has a worldwide uptake of about 40 percent and only
five parts showing small variation above or below the standard figure. In
addition to that, the West Pacific Regions are the exempted since they had an
uptake of about 20% which likely due mobile technologies having a poor
reception (Lu, Lin & Shen, 2013).
Figure
2
Results and Discussion
The results of the survey indicated a strong
perspective of the mobile Health more than it had been projected to be. The
Member countries recorded a numerous initiatives of a number of m-Health, which
scaled to the national level (Zhiqiang, Lingsong Hang & Cong, 2015). The literature
tends to emphasize majorly on pilot studies that are small-scale, which are from
predominantly high income-earning Nations. Hence, this part gives a
comprehensive comparison on results of the survey and the literature through
the consideration of the mobile Health projects that were queried in this research.
In addition, health-call centers help lines are also one of the services that were
established and started to give medical assistance and advice services by the
help of well-trained health personnel through phone. Establishment of this kind
of communication is mainly aimed at managing national emergencies. It is during
the H1N1 influenza outbreak in 2009 that this program was made available (Zhiqiang,
Lingsong Hang & Cong, 2015).
It was found out that the European part recorded
more health-call centers of 64% that was general-purpose than other parts, South-East
Asia was at 38% and Africa at 17%. Other parts recorded a pilot-stage activity
for health call center that was at a low level (Zhiqiang, Lingsong Hang &
Cong, 2015). Nations in high income-generating group recorded the largest
percentage of stabilized health call centers by 61%. Americas, Africa and East Mediterranean
parts recorded health-call centers that addressed specific health issues like
H1N1, HIV/AIDS, family planning, drug abuse and pandemics. Analyzing the
qualitative feedbacks from the nation gave additional information where (n=22);
which showed that the Region of Europe had many health call centers that were
all-purposed than all regions. Nations like Germany, Finland and France adopted
the health-call centers which helped the networked-lines operate 24 hours per day
on daily basis (Zhiqiang, Lingsong Hang & Cong, 2015). Finland, Germany, and France also ascribed to
health-call centers that operated 24 hours per day on a daily basis. In
conjunction to that, they staffed health professionals who provided health
information and services. These operations were owned either publicly or
privately.
Implications
for Further Research
The act of relying on phones to request
health care services has taken over the globe. People are thus enjoying the
pleasure of the technological world, which ensures all individuals embrace a
healthy lifestyle. Nevertheless, health call centers have impacted developed
countries like the European Nations more than the developing countries like in
Africa. In such case, various factors limit the African countries from
benefitting fully from the M-Health while developing countries continue to
adverse on it. Some of the factors include poor infrastructure, inadequate
funds as well as personnel, and slow development of the technology. Further,
M-health faces challenges of legal problems that conflict the health care
system and lack of a policy that would perfect it. Therefore, future studies
needs to be specific on certain issues as well as employ novel interventions,
which would improve the entire venture.
Firstly, future studies should show the
multiple operations that need to be induced to develop the business strategies,
mainly on concepts of leadership and management. For instance, they should show
how the company can effectively partner with other goal-related entities for
its betterment. Secondly, in the future studies should adequately connect
economics, ethics, the law, and also professional standards to the business. It
is a business; hence demand and supply should apply to ensure its development.
Also, it must adhere to certain principles within the industry as well as
ensure professional standards are maintained at all cost. Legal issues have
also proved to be problematic to the business; hence future studies should find
the ways of achieving peace between them. Moreover, the firm should not ignore
the law.
While considering health policies and
procedures to address health informatics needs in the industry, future studies
should show the best plans that would match with business. Each sector of the
firm must have a policy that ensures both patients and personnel are protected
at all times. Lastly, in the future researchers, the statistical models used in
healthcare to collect and analyze data as well as information should follow different
interventions as well as demographics. For instance, health surveys should
employ age groups, races, and gender as well as economic and social status.
They should apply since using one dimension may lead to biases. They should
also integrate with the health information systems that are
government-supported to ensure the government recognizes the projects.
Conclusion
M-health has been an important initiative
which has shown its positive effects on the entire globe. Through the
initiative, the majority or the entire population globally can receive medical
assistance and service. Apparently, the resources are limited and have been
outpaced with the demand from the huge population. Therefore, to solve the mess at the health
sector, mobile health was created. However, the topic had been of interest
since it covers major issues across the board from security, medical business,
and legal, political, social and finally, economical, which are all aspects of
a health organization or department. Despite the efforts made by other
counters, some countries and continents lag behind.
Precisely, M-health does not target
populations for only offering medical assistance, but also to ensure that they
learn about different health care problems and find solutions before they
become severe. They are also concerned with the affairs of the society,
especially violence to understand how people interrelate, hence help them.
Nevertheless, to ensure its success, the ICT business has intervened to impose
various measures that ensure the programs are functional at all times.
Therefore, working with different other entities have done the business a lot
of good. ICT also helps to overcome the threat of hackers. On the other hand, health
call centers are increasing each day from around the world although some
nations are far behind others. The European Nations and the United States are
showing remarkable progress on the intervention unlike the African and some of
the Asian countries that are facing multiple challenges.
As the global population continues to
increase, health care industry faces the challenge of attending to all people
while ensuring efficient services. In such case, the industry targets to invent
competent interventions that aim at helping it solve the issue of the high population
that currently seeks health care services. M-health is one of the interventions
that have proved to have the potential to transform the industry. Currently, it
has welcomed various changes that have impacted most of its practices from
around the world. Therefore, various interventions need to be induced to
enhance professionals unmask the problems confronting the mobile health in
developing as well as poor parts of the globe.
Chib,
A., van Velthoven, M. H., & Car, J. (2015). M-Health adoption in
low-resource environments: A review of the use of mobile healthcare in
developing countries. Journal of Health
Communication, 20(1), 4-34.
Lu,
R., Lin, X., & Shen, X. (2013). SPOC: A secure and privacy-preserving
opportunistic computing framework for the mobile-healthcare emergency. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and
Distributed Systems, 24(3), 614-624.
Mechael,
P., Batavia, H., Kaonga, N., Searle, S., Kwan, A., Goldberger, A., Fu, L.,
& Ossman, J. (2010). Barriers and
Gaps Affecting mHealth in Low and Middle Income Countries: Policy White Paper.
Retrieved from
http://www.globalproblems-globalsolutions-files.org/pdfs/mHealth_Barriers_White_Paper.pdf
Sanou,
B. (2012). Measuring the Information
Society. International Telecommunication Union. Retrieved from
https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/publications/mis2012/MIS2012_without_Annex_4.pdf
Schobel,
J., Schickler, M., Pryss, R., Nienhaus, H., & Reichert, M. (2013). Using vital sensors in mobile healthcare
business applications: challenges, examples, lessons learned. In
International Conference on Web Information Systems and Technologies (pp. 509-518).
Telecommunications
Union, 2013 (http://www.itu.int/ITUD/ict/publications/idi/2009/index.html
The
World Bank Group (2010). Mobile Cellular
Subscriptions (Per 100 People). Washington DC, World Bank, white paper. New
York. Columbia University.
Zhiqiang,
G., Lingsong, H., Hang, T., & Cong, L. (2015, November). A cloud computing based mobile healthcare
service system. In Smart Instrumentation, Measurement and Applications
(ICSIMA), 2015 IEEE 3rd International Conference on (pp. 1-6). IEEE.
No comments:
Post a Comment