Sunday, May 31, 2020

The objective is to help understand the concept of distillation by separating a mixture of methanol and water using fractional and simple distillation methods. Water and Methanol are miscible. Simple and fractional distillation methods will be used to demonstrate how to separate miscible substances. Although the distillate that is collected from this experiment is not expected to be 100% pure, the effectiveness and efficiency of the process will be discussed with respect to each distillation process to help compare and determine between the two which one is more effective and why. These experiments will help learners understand the complex industrial distillation process done on a large scale.

INTRODUCTION

Miscible liquids are separated through the process of distillation. A solution is heated until it starts to vaporize, then cooled down to back to liquid. Liquids which have different boiling point evaporates at different stages (Nicholas 2017). Simple distillation is used to separate liquids which has a wide gap in boiling point, while fractional distillation is suitable for separating substances which has a closer gap in boiling point. The liquid with a lower boiling point will change to vapor first, passed through the condenser where it turns back to liquid and is collected container as distillate (Nicholas 2017).

EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE

Simple distillation

Apparatus required

Round bottom flask, Vacuum Adapter, Water condenser, Thermometer adapter, Thermometer, ‘Y’Shaped multipurpose adapter, Jack, Woodblock, Clamps, Graduated cylinder, Boiling chip, Water tube and Heating mantle.

Preparation for Simple distillation

I. Set up the apparatus above as shown in fig 1.1

Figure 1.1 a complete set-up of apparatus for simple distillation

II. put 20ml methanol and 20ml water in round bottom flask

III. Add a boiling chip to the mixture

IV. When the set up is complete turn on the water and the heat source.

Observations from simple distillation experiment

I. The table below contains the reading of the Volume of distillate after every 2ml against their respective temperature.

Vol ml	0	2	4	6	8	10	12	14	16	18	20	22	24	25
Temp (°C)	63.4	63.7	65	66.3	67.8	68	70	70.8	72.8	75.5	78.2	83.3	87.8	88.6

Fractional distillation

Apparatus required

Round bottom flask, Vacuum Adapter, Water condenser, Thermometer adapter, Thermometer, ‘Y’ Shaped multipurpose adapter, Clamps, Graduated cylinder, Boiling chip, Water tube, Heating mantle, Fractional column.

Preparation of Fractional distillation

I. Gather all the apparatus required and set-up a fractional distillation as shown in fig 1.2 below.

Figure 2.1 complete set up of apparatus for fractional distillation.

II. Mix water 20ml and Methanol 20ml into a round bottom flask.

III. Add a boiling chip into the mixture.

IV. Switch on the heating mantle to Start heating the mixture.

V. Connect the water source and ensure that cold water is continuously running through the condenser.

VI. Continue heating the solution even after it start boiling.

VII. Once the first drop is collected in the graduated cylinder, read the temperature on the thermometer.

VIII. Take the reading of the thermometer after every increment of the distillate in 2ml.

IX. After all the readings are taken, disassemble the apparatus once they cool down.

Observations from fractional distillation experiment

a) The table below contains the reading of the Volume of distillate after every 2ml against their respective temperature.

Vol ml	0	2	4	6	8	10	12	14	16	18	20	22	24	25
Temp (°C)	58	60	60.7	61.5	62.3	63.1	63.9	65.0	66.7	68.0	73.8	86.2	90.8	91.3

DISCUSSION

Graphical illustrations

Distillation Process

Add 20ml water and 20ml methanol into a round bottom flask, then set-up the apparatus as shown in fig 1.1. Start heating the mixture by adjusting the power knob that supplies power to the heating mantle. Continue heating the mixture until it boils. Ensure a continuous flow of cold water through the condenser. Take note of the temperature when the first drop falls to the graduated cylider. Continue recording the temperature after the distillate increases at an interval of 2ml in the graduated cylinder.

Differences between simple distillation and fractional distillation

Fractional distillation is a more complex process that uses fractional column while simple distillation is a simpler process and the fractional column is not used. The reason why the fractional column is used in distillation is to separate a mixture of fluids which has a relatively closer boiling point (Mia et al. 2017).

Explanation of Observations from the Graphs

The first drop in the fractional distillation came out at 58⁰C while that of simple distillation came out at 63.4⁰C. Also, both lines increase at almost the same gradient up to at around 20ml after which the gradient for fractional distillation becomes steeper as compared to that of simple distillation. This implies that most of the all methanol had vaporized and the remaining solution has to be heated harder for it to vaporize.

Boiling point of methanol

From the graphical illustrations, both graphs have two different boiling points. The boiling point of methanol is 63.4 ⁰C in simple distillation and 58⁰C in fractional distillation. 64.7⁰C is the accepted boiling point for methanol (Jerry et al. 2014).

Contrary to my expectation, the accepted boiling point at 64.7⁰C is closer to the boiling point of methanol at simple distillation. This should not have been the case if the error discussed hereunder wasn’t there. The boiling point of fractional distillation should have been closer to the accepted boiling point because it does not have the fractional column which contains steel wool or glass beads meant to increase the surface area. This makes the vapor to condense and return back to the boiling mixture many times before vaporizing and reaching the topmost of the column, due to the aspect of condensing and re-vaporizing the boiling point reading becomes more accurate than that of simple distillation method.

Waste Disposal

At the end of our distillate, we need to dispose of the distillate into the non-halogen organic solvent bin. After disposing we should ensure that the bottle where we put the waste is closed always.

Safety Protection and Precaution

Methanol is poisonous and therefore, after the experiment one should always wear lab coats, Protective eyewear, gloves, and closed-toe shoes at all times when experimenting. It is also highly flammable and therefore one should take caution not to sprinkle it so as not to cause fire. We should not eat anything in the laboratory as it might be contaminated and dispose properly laboratory waste (Peter 2016).

1n 1926, the federal government intentionally increased the amount of methanol used in industrial alcohol to poison alcohol in an attempt to curb alcohol consumption.

Distillation of Ethanal

Ethanal can be distilled from a mixture of water using both methods because they have different boiling points (Jerry et al. 2014).

Distillation Real-world applications

a) Separation of oil products

Crude oil comprises different petroleum products, these petroleum products in crude oil have different boiling points and therefore they are separated using fractional distillation (Sukasem, Hareemao, & Sudawong. 2017).

b) Distillation of salty water

A large distillation plant can be used to purify salty water and supply many people with clean drinking water and also be used to cook.

The precision of the Thermometer

The precision of the thermometer is the fraction to which a thermometer can be read, it can also be defined as the nearest whole number or decimal to which a thermometer can be read. In our experiment the precision of the thermometer is 0.1⁰C.

Errors and Omissions in the experiment

There was a critical error made during the transition from simple distillation to fractional distillation. The instructor did not completely change the entire set of apparatus he used for simple distillation. Instead, he only added a fractional column and proceed with the experiment on fractional distillation.

CONCLUSION

Distillation is the most commonly used method of separating a mixture of two or more liquids. The process applies a simple rule of separating mixtures based on their boiling points. It has traditionally been used to perform complex industrial separation of substances in the food industry, chemical, and petroleum industry. It should be understood that distillation is an irreversible process, and is commonly used alongside other procedures to ensure that the distillate is 100% pure.

REFERENCES

Pater, L. (2016). The mimic of fractional distillation technology distillation process modeling. arXiv preprint arXiv:1605.00097. Jerry . M., David G. A., Gretchen E.

Mia, M., Islam, A., Rubel, R. I., & Islam, M. R. (2017). Fractional distillation & of tire- derived pyrolysis oil.

Sukasem, N., Hareemao, T., & Sudawong, C. (2017). The mimic of fractional distillation technology for the development of homegrown pot distillery for ethanol distillation. Energy Procedia, 138, 985-990.

Jerry R., Paul F. S., & Christina N. H. (2014) Laboratory Techniques in Organic Chemistry. Library of Congress Control Number: 2013955847

Dr. Nicholas L., (2017). Fractional Distillation. URL: https://www.jove.com/science- education/5700

Friday, May 1, 2020

Guerrilla Girls

Guerrilla Girls

Landscapes that have been influenced, molded, and affected by human engagement is referred to as a cultural landscape. A cultural landscape could be connected with an individual or an occasion. Generally, cultural landscapes are expressions of regional identity, works of art as well as stories of culture. In order to perform an analysis of counterculture, we have to analyze culture. Culture is defined as the peak of actual and non-actual signs and symbols in which a collective class determines and offers the same meaning and is molded by social plus historical context. Among the visible signs of the adjusting social and cultural attitude of the 1960s is the hippie archetype (Guerilla, 2018). Guerrilla girls is a group of feminists who are determined to fight sexism together with racism in the world of art. They wear gorilla masks in public and apply facts, humor, plus outrageous visuals to reveal sexes plus ethnic bias and corruption in politics, art together with pop culture. Their anonymity places the focus on the issues, not on them, who they maybe- they could be anyone and appear everywhere. They trust in intersectional feminism, which fights injustice and supports human rights for every person and all sexes. This paper, therefore, analyses this non-conformity group known as guerrilla girls, who are devoted in fighting racial injustice and sex discrimination in the society.

Cultural Landscape Concepts

Two framing tools exist in a cultural landscape. The objective framework being the first is known as the ‘here and now’ point of view, that a person has for a cultural landscape. Unfortunately, this framework removes the perceptions of the individuals who live in the cultural landscape. Such a framework is a well-known concept which has certain cultures placed in it. Overall, in archaeology, such a framework is explained from a scientific standpoint, entailing biological, geographical, plus geological characteristics of a landscape (America, 2016). This information becomes an important section of cultural landscape research, for adjustments in these characteristics mirror the solid intention of a cultural society with their surroundings.

Next is the subjective framework, which means the manner in which individuals mingle with or view their physical surroundings plus the cultural environment. These concepts chosen to inspect the definition of the named framework were affected by references done to landscape cognition, the symbolic nature of objects within the landscape, together with landscape perception. Under landscape cognition, we first have to know the meaning of cognition, which refers to the cultural skills which are fixed in words, artifacts, narratives that are learned from, and dispensed to other people. Language communicates these cultural skills; hence, it is via this communication that values, cultural thoughts, along with norms, could be spotted. According to America (2016) quoting Keith Basso, “communication comes out as a strong vehicle of ideas as well as an important tool for attaining social interconnection, as a crucial way of understanding the world and for tackling deeds in it" (p.156). Whatever Keith is raising has been known as the inconspicuous landscape by Kent, who says, “through language, the landscape is constantly perpetuated, and the flat objective landscape is offered name” (p.158).

In the symbolic nature of items in a landscape, the principle of Victor Turner containing symbolisms as well as ritual entails three concepts that can be used in the symbolism of landforms. First, lots of things plus actions are represented in one formation. Second, basically definite meanings are intertwined through analogy or association or idea. Lastly, referents allocated as symbols mostly appear to hang on opposed semantic poles. At a single-pole (the ideological), meanings are obtained, which means the elements of social plus moral orders of a community. While on another pole (sensory), meanings are congenital or a physiological phenomenon, or sources which trigger desire along with feelings. Most components in the physical and cultural landscapes entail meanings which communicate a world view. For example, we recognize the principle that geographical characteristics might be singled out with the actions, creative or disastrous of valiant ancestral creatures. This procedure of mythologizing or marking landscapes forms a socialized landscape that later brings a result on social behavior.

To understand the theory of landscape perception, two principles have to come in- cultural relativism alongside phenomenal absolutism. The first means the identification that certain cultures have got their values plus concepts of actuality which are culturally conditioned. While the latter describes why a viewer assumes that every other observer views the situation in a similar manner- the world is exactly as the viewer perceives it (America, 2016). Fundamental theories of perception are affected by ecological demands, together with cultural practices.

Description of Guerrilla Girls Movement

How It Is a Counter Culture

Gretchen Lemke-Santangelo mentioned, “hippie females radically changed the counterculture movement, making their influence stretch well beyond the 1960s, extremely changing the political, social, cultural, and economic landscape of the US” (Guerrilla, 2018, p.2). Females in this group adopted a newfound perception of themselves alongside the community, and as a result, the manner culture saw females would never be the same. These hippie females celebrated inequalities between genders, forming divisions of labor along gender lines, declaring they are getting more in tuned with nature.

Characteristics of The Movement and What It Is Fighting Against

This kind of feminism is different from the feminism we know now, a conviction in the total social, economic, and political fairness of the gender. This feminist movement created significance on feminine features, understating of sexes, and determining a unique duty for females in the community, fitting inside a natural and essentialist cultural setting, females claimed their self-definitions of empowerment, as basically different than males. As years rolled, women's liberation took on a different definition, and they started to declare themselves as equal to males. Such discussion fits broadly within an economic as well as political setting, getting themselves still second-class people in a cruel social order.

Counterculture Movement Via Theoretical Concepts

Women such as Gloria Steinem took the lead in asking for the fundamental reorganization of society, in which egalitarianism would not make males lose esteem, but instead, everybody would be equal and better off and even suggests to a disassembling of the racist culture correlating to the disassembling of the sexist culture. From Steinem speech, “such cultural adjustment would create new routes in sexual politics which will review women subjugation as the dummy for political oppression, and female’s history will be an academic staple, and black history, at least until the American male-oriented textbooks are combined and written again” (Ware, 2017, p.1). She is among the representatives of the maturing dynamism of the feminist movement of the late 1960s and early 1970s, which in many instances declined the feminism of the counter culture, though depended on their information for empowerment (Ware, 2017). Currently, feminism has adapted further, and most of the similar issues that the feminists of the 1970s dealt with still persist today, especially in the form of the sexual double standard (Kosut, 2016). Such matters and the females spearheading for social change are currently always influenced by the hippie women in the counterculture form almost in the past fifty years, kind of feminism which held no example at that scale or locality.

Guerrilla Girls Movement Demographics (People Engaged, and Location Covered)

Concerning the demographics of guerrilla girls, the group of individuals participating is an anonymous group of women artists committed to wrestling racism as well as sexism. This group was created in New York City with a target of bringing gender alongside racial injustice into concentration in the larger arts society. This movement broadly originated from the west; however, feminism is displayed globally and is illustrated by several institutions devoted to activity on behalf of the rights and interests of females. Nearly all of western history, females were restricted to the domestic setting, as public life was kept for men. For instance, in the field of arts, during the peak of the contemporary art movement in the twentieth century, lots of dignified galleries did not have proper representation of women artists plus curators. Those exhibitions were usually in a private way financed by aristocrats, mainly white males, meaning that museums are no more documenting art, but documenting power structures. In mid-1960, the metropolitan museum of art located in New York had mostly male board of directors (Callihan & Feldman, 2018). This corresponds to the imbalance of women artists on exhibition while art portraying the female form was plenty. This occurrence thus triggered a group in 1985 to shed light to such discrepancies in the sexist world of art (Callihan & Feldman, 2018). This group was started by seven women during the spring season naming it guerrilla girls’ movement.

Utilization of Sociological Concepts

A sociological concept refers to a mental construct which represents a certain section of the world in a simplified form. An instance of a mental construct is the thought of class or differentiating two classes based on their earnings, power, culture, sex, or other defining features. Concepts could stay abstract or could be operationalized. To operationalize a sociological culture puts it to a substantial degree by defining how someone is going to measure it. Consequently, with the idea of class, someone would operationalize it by basically measuring an individual's income.

The moment it is operationalized, one has a solid representation of a sociological concept. Feminism is a key sociological concept, wherein a society there is an unequal power relation between males and females, whereby females are comprehensively oppressed and not advantaged (Kosut, 2016). In this case, this movement has liberal feminists who appear to place emphasis on the significance of guarding formal legal equality for females. In the theory of feminists, which means revealing the binary opposition man-woman and all of the ancient norms related to the division as social contrast, rather than anything which is based in objective biological divisions. Deconstructing such gender beliefs and opening up the likelihood of staying a life free from restrain of such beliefs is the main aim of guerrilla girls.

Comparing Guerrilla Girls with Other Counter Culture Groups

Several counter culture groups also rose, for example the liberal feminism, they stand up for women and men’s equality through political plus legal reform. These feminists seek to do away with political, legal as well as other kinds of prejudice against women to enable them have similar opportunities as men because their self-governance has shortfalls. Discriminations of sexes, whether at home or in the places of work, and the patriarchal mentality in assumed tradition entails some cause for the liberals women’s group. Similar to guerrilla girls, liberal feminists pursued to change the structure of the community so as to make sure that there is fair treatment of women.

In the movement of liberal feminists, the first known liberal feminist was Mary Wollstonecraft, who had a big influence with her pieces of writing. She used to urge women to apply their voices in decision making and disregard the choices which other people had made for them. However, the different ideology comes in where the liberal feminists fight for matters like sexual harassment, reproductive plus abortion rights, education together with voting. While for guerrilla girls, they fought against racial and sex discrimination in the world of arts.

The guerrilla movement used posters in the fight for their rights. For instance, in the poster titled the “Birth of Feminism.” Illustrating the genesis of this poster, the movement states, “the producers of Hollywood had come to us noting that they want to make a movie concerning feminism, do you have ideas?” (Guerrilla, 2017, p.1). This group thought that was ridiculous since they had an idea of the kind of movies Hollywood people usually make. So, the group resolved at making a movie poster. Differing from this feminist statement is the play’s title, “The Birth of Feminism” they created females’ rights appear good, really nice, underscoring the apparent standards of the film industry, where female actors are nearly without exception, employed for looks as opposed to talent. Different feminist movements exist; however, the guerrilla girls group seems unique; they employ anonymous tactics to address their rights, and they conduct it in a humorous way. In the current society, women are being considered in power but not as much as men. Gender justice has to be preached day in day out in order for this ideology of men to have more advantages than women to be wholly eradicated in the globe. That is why the feminist groups keep on adding for the fulfillment of gender equality.

Analysis of The Movement by Incorporating Cultural Landscape Concepts

According to the cultural concept of landscape perception, where every person views the world the way he or she sees it- everyone sees it differently. Regarding this counterculture of feminism, I strongly propose the stand of guerrilla girls. The event of coming up this movement was the display of an International Survey of Recent Painting at the Museum of Modern Art (Callihan & Feldman, 2018). The exhibition collected and organized by Kynaston MCshine declared to collect the most significant positions in present-day art. Of the 165 artists in the show, only 13 female artists featured (Callihan & Feldman, 2018). Generally, such underrepresentation of females does not appear right, this group was founded to fight sexism and bring equality in the sphere of art. Most components within the physical or cultural landscape have got meanings and communicate a world view. Unfortunately, some individuals still live in cultural landscapes, which have several cultures within it. So, breaking from the traditional culture looks difficult for them. Instead of moving with whatever is best for their lives, they stick to the ancient norms. Thanks to revolutionary movements that have turned their attention to social issues like fighting for women’s rights and interests. The hippie women revealed the kind of oppression females underwent, making it suitable for a fight.

Conclusion

Ideally, I think an individual’s perspective is controlled by the environment he or she lives in. Culture can shape a person’s identity because it influences how someone sees the world. Culture is a word mostly used by social scientists to incorporate every facet of human experience, which goes beyond their physical act. Actually, I see that different communities have different cultures, so there are certain cultural practices that are valued by some communities; it depends on a specific community. For example, some societies value traditional holidays. They choose the type of activities to conduct on those days, making the days ceremonial. In my case of fighting for women’s rights, most societies value their men a lot; they highly dominate higher status at workplaces, in the world of art, and many more.

One of the key assumptions on feminism has been that people who indulge in a feminists’ analysis are against males. It is actually false. A feminist point of view challenges the systematic ill treatment of women, trans individuals, race, people with disability and other marginalized communities. Their aim is for equality, guerrilla’s case. Through an intersectional view, it is likely to perceive that individuals who hold such identities are affected by social structures, that privilege a patriarchal or white perspective. Therefore, it is not an intention of feminists to move around man hunting. They are involved in the steps of destroying the traditional structures, which support ill treatment of marginalized societies. Intersectionality was a word created by Kimberle Crenshaw, a feminist lady of colour, in order to lay stress on the significance of taking into consideration how abuse intersects several sites and points of identity (Ware, 2017). Women, therefore, need to claim for equality, proper treatment just like the guerrilla girls’ movement so that every female figure in all corners of the earth gets enlightened. The challenging part is how the deeply rooted societies will move out of misleading norms, those they view to be okay according to their culture. This is the most interesting portion to dig into and develop. As I conclude, I would like to conduct research on how these communities can adopt such changes and live comfortably with them.

References

America, N. N. (2016). Linguistic anthropology. Annu. Rev. Anthropol, 171, 1718.

Callihan, E., & Feldman, K. (2018). Presence and Power: Beyond Feminism in Museums. Journal of Museum Education, 43(3), 179-192.

Guerilla, G. (2018). Guerrilla girls.guerrillagirls.com.www.guerrillagirls.com

Kosut, M. (2016). Queering gender, art and culture in the age of media convergence. The SAGE Handbook of Cultural Sociology, 335.

Ware, S. (2017). Telling Women’s Lives. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 42(3), 792-793.